tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68883353569786599822024-03-23T03:17:38.853-07:00Mona Kareem5ft-tall writerMonahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.comBlogger144125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-25924311311597819552022-09-04T09:26:00.003-07:002022-09-04T09:26:56.600-07:00Perdition (trans and intro by Sara ElKamel)<p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Roses take their own life<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />above the rim of my bed<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />as my mother<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />tries to tuck me into the desert of life</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">*</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">In the courtyard of my soul<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />is a small devil;<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />a newborn</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">*</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Another ship<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />asphyxiates<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />the ocean’s larynx</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">*</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">The moon spills a cloud<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />into the sky’s breast</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">*</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Ideas drown in a spasm<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />and the poem lays crucified<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />over the notepad’s knees</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">*</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">The night is strangled<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />by a choker of stars</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">*</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">A tear<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />attempts martyrdom<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />out of my eye’s abyss</p><div id="footnote" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 40px 0px 0px;"><h2 class="border-line" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: inherit; font-family: ronnia-condensed, sans-serif; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; margin: 1rem 0px 3rem; padding: 0px 0px 1rem; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="font-size: small;">NOTES ON THIS POEM</span></h2><div><div><span style="font-family: maiola, serif;">Running through Mona Kareem’s three Arabic collections of poetry is an undeniable solitude, captured in portrait after portrait of the poet herself, of nameless cities, and of women protagonists who seem to have been forsaken by the world. Presented in a remarkably lyric voice, Kareem’s work holds up mirrors – of varying degrees of lucidity – to the many selves, as well as the bodies, of her subjects. The images that we see reflected strike a memorable balance between the visible and the conceptual, the tangible and the surreal.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: maiola, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: maiola, serif;">The poems I have translated from What I Sleep For Today (Nova Plus Publishing and Distribution, 2016), namely ‘Souvenirs’ and ‘Perdition’, illustrate the poet’s intentional conflation of the body and the world around it – both material and immaterial. Everything becomes a body – has a body – in her poems, even the poem itself. The ocean has an asphyxiating larynx, the speaker’s eye is an abyss, and ‘the poem lays crucified | over the notepad’s knees’.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: maiola, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: maiola, serif;">Written more and a decade earlier, while Kareem was still a teen, the poem ‘Cities Dying Every Day’, from the collection Absence with Amputated Fingers (Dar Sharqiyat, 2004), is a kind of elegy for cities. Like many of her poems, this one presents us with an individual experience in an indifferent, or perhaps even an unkind, city – one that wishes to excavate even our lungs. The speaker here, and recurrently across her oeuvre, seems to be in a state, at once, of terror, and of extreme loneliness; she is abandoned even by autumn.</span></div><div style="font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: maiola, serif; font-size: 16px;"><i>* <a href="https://modernpoetryintranslation.com/poem/perdition/">Modern Poetry in Translation</a> - Issue no. 2 of 2022</i></div></div></div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-21638249017748742462022-09-02T09:33:00.001-07:002024-03-22T15:52:22.784-07:00ثلاث قصائد<div class="row" dir="rtl" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px; text-align: right;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"><b>أبراكادابرا</b></div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">ينتابني الخوف أحيانًا</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أغمض عينيَّ وأبطئ من حركة أنفاسي</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أذكِّر نفسي بالكلمتين السحريتين:</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">"الآن + هنا"</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">الآن: اليوم الخميس ١٠ مارس</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">هنا: شقتي في بوسطن</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أبدأ بعدّ محتويات جسدي:</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">رأس، عينين، كتفين،</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">بطن ذي مرتفع خافت،</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">فخذين، ساقين، أصابع غريبة الأطوال</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">كل شيء سليم وفي مكانه</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أتفحص المكان من حولي:</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">المرنطية ترفع يديها ببطء</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">باتجاه القمر، تزيح جزءًا من ياقتها</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">إلى اليمين، وتضرب باليد الأخرى</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">على صدرها</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">تمامًا كما تفعل جدتي</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">وهي تغوي قمر بن هاشم</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أحدق في السجادة المليئة بالمثلثات</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أتابع كيف يترابط الواحد بالآخر</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أو بالآخرين. لكل مثلث</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">عدة مثلثات مجاورة. لكل منهم</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">ضلع نبت من جسد الآخر وسيموت معه.</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أتيه في عالمهم الغريب</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أتخيل أني أسير في شارع مثلثي</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">ذات مساء جميل وهادئ</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">لا أركز في تفاصيل ما أرتديه</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أو أسجل الألوان</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">مشهد بالكاد تتحدد خطوطه</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">لكن رأسي يظهر فيه</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">وعلى الرغم من أني أتبختر</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">على الأرجح قاصدة مكانًا يبعث فيَّ السعادة</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">فإن الخوف لا يزال معي</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">في جيب بنطلوني الذي لا أعرف لونه</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">يخرج منه مثل جني</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">مرة يستحيل رجلًا يخيفني بكلمتين</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">فأرد عليه بكلمات أكبر وألسع</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">تجعل منه محط سخرية المثلثات</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">التي بكركراتها فقط يهدأ روعي</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">ومرة يستحيل وحشًا</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أقتله بعشرين طلقة</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أو أكون قد نسيت مسدسي</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">فأكر عنقه بأظافري</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أو أكون قد قصقصتها صباحًا</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">فأقطعه بأسناني</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">تنغرس في جسده</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">كالأشواك</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">مرات أصل منهكة</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">إلى الشارع المثلثي</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أتجاهل الرجل كثير الكلام</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">وإن رأيت الوحش</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أتحرك بخطوات ثابتة</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">إلى الناصية الأخرى</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">لو لم أقرر الآن عد المثلثات</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">كنت سأعد مكعبات الأرضية في المتجر</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">ولتخيلت ظهور مخلوقات أخرى</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">تتوعدني وتدفعني لأن أكون العنقاء تارة</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">والغول تارة أخرى</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">كثيرًا ما أنجح في إنقاذ نفسي</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أركض أركض أركض</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">إلى نهاية العالم</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">أو أقف بشجاعة</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">لأخلص عليهم بدم بارد</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"> </div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">دائمًا ما ينتهي المشهد على ذات المنوال:</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">جسدي يتصبب عرقًا</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">ودمائهم لا أثر لها</div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">في مسرح الجريمة</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>الكلمات لا تأتي</b></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>الكلمات لم تعد تأتي، بنفسي صرت أذهب إليها. أتصل بها، أشاهد صورها على الإنستغرام، أنثر قلب حب بعد ولادة كل منها بثوانٍ. المنشورات والميمات التي تشاركها لم تعد تحمل رسائل مشفرة لي. لست قارئها المفضل، قارئها الأمثل، قارئها الشبيه. بطّلت تـ@ني في فيديو ضاحك، رقصة ممتازة، أو نص ثوري. أتفرج كيف تقضي أيامها من دوني، تذهب في تمشية صباحية تبعدها أكثر عني، أحيانًا تقطع المسافة على دراجة، أو يأخذها شخص جديد بسيارته إلى الميناء - على الأرجح روائي متعسر. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>هو أيضًا ستهجره، مزاجية وخلقها ضيق. إن لم تصمد مع شاعرة نثر، كيف لها أن تتحمل العيش مع تسع شخصيات من ثلاثة أجيال تتوزع في قارات أربع بين حربين وعلى وشك الثالثة؟ سينتهي به الأمر معي في ذات النفق. ثم ستستبدله بكاتب تجريبي يمزج بين جنيس وآخر. تجعله يشعر بأنه خاص جدًّا، بل استثنائي، حب حياتها الأول والأخير، ستعطيه كتب كيليطو وتسهر معه الليالي تحدثه كيف أن العرب اخترعوا الجنس لا المؤلف، وأن المؤلف هرطقة غربية، أن المؤلف لا بد من أن يموت، بأجناسه بتجريبه، كله على بعضه يموت. ستتركه عالقًا بين الأنواع، مفشوخًا بين نص مدوَّر وآخر مقطَّع، وسنضطر أنا والروائي إلى إنزاله عن الصليب.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>تتكدس قلوب حبي في عمود جانبي على شاشتها، تنز فوق بعضها، يتداخل الأحمر بالأحمر، يصبغ إبهامها حين تلامسه بالخطأ. تنزعج أحيانًا من كثرة قلوبي، بكل قسوة تفرغ الحُجرات من أي أثر لها، تأخذ وسادتها التي تحججت بها لتفادي قضاء الليل معي. كم حاولتُ إغلاق الصمامات لتظل حبيسة. احتجَّت بمشهد درامي، بل وهددت بإلقاء نفسها من على الشرفة الثانية لـ "التاجي". قطَّعت شراييني، الوغدة المتوحشة، حتى النبض جعلته يسري تائهًا إلى صفحات الغرباء. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>أرسل إليها قصيدة أو أغنية أعجبتني وذكرتني بها. أقرأ كلمات الأغنية بأذني أولًا، ثم أبحث عنها على غوغل أو في تعليقات يوتيوب لأقرأها كسطور. أحرص على أن تكون الأغنية خاصة بها، عنها، عنا، عن المفقود، الممكن. أحيانًا ترد، بتملل، كمن يبحث عن نهاية. كل الترجي في أغنياتي الشرقية لا يرف فيها جفنًا. الدخلة الموسيقية - التي هي سجادة الأغنية – تقطعها في لحظة. حتى الموال، ذاك الحجر الذي يحرك جوف البحيرة، تثب فوقه في خطوة. الوجع الذي يصعد سلالم الروح ويسري إلى أنامل العوَّاد، الكمنجاتي الذي سلَّم رقبته إلى مقصلة الفراق، عازف القانون وهو يداعب الفراشات التي نبتت ليلة البارحة في بطن عاشق غرير. كلهم تتصفحهم في كوبليه أو اثنين قبل أن تغلق النافذة أمام فم المطربة المشرع. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>تُشعرني بالحرج، بالثقل. أقترح أن نلتقي، أقدم دعوتي بصوت هادئ، في حال رفضت – كالعادة – يكون باستطاعتي تقبل جفاءها بروح رياضية. كانت حين تأتي تقضي أيامًا عندي، تأكل وتدخن وتصنع فوضى فيها أغلب ذكرياتنا. كانت تحضر في الأفراح والوداعات، وبشكل أقل في الجنازات، وفي الأسابيع الأولى من كل حب. رغم أنها تغار من عشاقي الجدد، إلا أنها تعلم أنهم طارئون. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>والهة</b></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>عند المدخل، وقفت امرأة لوط وقد سخطها الفنان إلى شكل أقسى مما فعل الرب. لم يحافظ على جسدِها الملحي، بل رممها بالبرونز لتظل حبيسة الأزلية. ليس بإمكانها زيارة جيرانها لتخبرهم عن زوارها الجدد، حتى عتبة الغاليري لا يمكن لها تجاوزها. ساكنة محنطة، تسمعُ الحوارات العابرة وترصدُ الوجوه بعينين فارغتين من التشويق. تمر من أمامِها أجناس شتى كل يوم: جن وإنس وملائكة وأنبياء. كانت في حياة سابقة تتلّوى إن اضطرت إلى الحفاظ على حكايا الغرباء في بطنها، تدور في الحي، تستَفرغها واحدةً تلو الأخرى. </div><div><br /></div><div>الآن لم تعد تشكلُ خطرًا على الأسرار. الآن، تدفعُ والهة ثمن حنينها السريع، ثمن شغفها بالماضي، الذي اضطرها إلى إلقاء نظرة أخيرة على سَدُوم. في نظرة، بالكاد سجلت ألوان حياتها، بالكاد حبست رائحة الصباح قبل أن تضيع مع الجغرافيا، بالكاد ابتلعت لغةً ستنتهي أحلامها بانتفائها. في النقطة الحدودية، ليس مسموحًا للمهاجر أن يشغل نفسه بأي شيء سوى اللحظة الراهنة. قالوا إنها بالتفاتتها فضحت هوية الرب. أو أنها في أعماقها آمنت بأن سدوم بريئة، بأن سدوم لا تستحق أن تدك هكذا حد الرماد. </div><div><br /></div><div>ربما لو انتظرت والهة الوصول إلى الكهف قبل أن تترك للحنين أن يغمرها، لذهبت قصة الكونية في اتجاه آخر تمامًا. بل ربما انتهت في ذاك الكهف واسترحنا. لمَ لم يتفهم الرب أنها أرادت فقط ما يكفي لكتابة قصيدة أطلال؟ هل لأن الطلل حصر على الرجال؟ </div><div><br /></div><div>صغيرة تبدو فوق المكعب، رأسُها كما جنين لا موهبة له في الصراخ. جردها الفنانُ من ذراعيها ورجليها. لربما خاف الفنانُ أن تهرب امرأة لوط من الغاليري وتعود مرة أخرى إلى العالم السفلي. </div><div><br /></div><br /></div></div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"><br /></div><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"><b><i><a href="https://www.asymptotejournal.com/poetry/three-poems-mona-kareem/arabic/">* مجلة آسيمبتوت</a></i></b></div><div><br /></div></div></div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-52075789737421773912022-09-01T09:36:00.001-07:002022-09-04T09:38:29.217-07:00Three Poems<p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Abracadabra</span></b> </p><p><br /></p><p>Fear sometimes washes over me</p><p><br /></p><p>I close my eyes and slow down my breathing</p><p><br /></p><p>I remind myself of the magic words:</p><p>Now + Here</p><p>Now: It is Thursday, March 10</p><p>Here: My Boston apartment</p><p><br /></p><p>I begin by counting the contents of my body:</p><p>One head, two eyes, two shoulders,</p><p>A slightly elevated belly,</p><p>Two thighs, two legs, and fingers of peculiar length</p><p><br /></p><p>Everything is intact, and in its place</p><p><br /></p><p>I inspect the space around me:</p><p>The prayer plant slowly lifts her hands</p><p>Toward the moon, shifts her collar</p><p>To the right, lays the other hand</p><p>On her chest</p><p>Mimicking my grandmother’s seduction of God</p><p>In her night prayers</p><p><br /></p><p>I stare into the triangle-strewn carpet</p><p>I trace how each triangle intertwines with another</p><p>Each triangle</p><p>Has several neighboring triangles. Each of them</p><p>Has a rib that grew from someone else’s body, and with which they will die.</p><p>Arriving in their strange world</p><p>I imagine walking through a triangular street</p><p>On a beautiful, quiet evening</p><p>Paying no attention to the details of my outfit</p><p>Or to the colors that materialize</p><p><br /></p><p>The scene’s contours are obscure</p><p>But in it, my head appears</p><p><br /></p><p>And although I am strutting,</p><p>Probably towards a place that will revive my happiness,</p><p>The fear is still with me</p><p>In the pocket of my pants (What color are they?)</p><p>Sticking its head out like a genie</p><p><br /></p><p>One time, the fear takes the shape of a man who startles me with a couple of words</p><p>So I respond with larger, sharper words</p><p>Which makes him a laughingstock for the triangles,</p><p>Whose roars calm me down</p><p><br /></p><p>And another time, the fear is a monster</p><p>I slay with twenty bullets</p><p>Or, I would have forgotten my shotgun</p><p>So I prick his neck with my nails</p><p>Or, I would have clipped them in the morning</p><p>So I pull him apart with my teeth</p><p>Which drill into his body</p><p>Like thorns</p><p><br /></p><p>Sometimes I arrive exhausted</p><p>At the triangular street</p><p>I ignore the garrulous man</p><p>And when I see the monster</p><p>I take steady strides</p><p>Toward the opposite corner</p><p><br /></p><p>Even if I hadn’t decided to count these triangles right now</p><p>I would have been counting cubes on the supermarket floor,</p><p>And I would have imagined the emergence of other creatures</p><p>Which threaten me, and drive me to become sometimes a phoenix,</p><p>Sometimes a ghoul</p><p><br /></p><p>I often manage to save myself</p><p>I run, I run, I run</p><p>To the end of the world</p><p>Or, I stand there bravely</p><p>To finish them off in cold blood</p><p> </p><p>The scene always ends on the same note:</p><p>My body is drenched in sweat</p><p>And there’s no sign of their blood</p><p>At the crime scene</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Words Don’t Come Easy</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p>The Word no longer comes to me; I now go to her myself. I call her, I flip through her Instagram photos, hurling hearts seconds after the arrival of each one. The posts and memes she shares no longer carry encrypted messages aimed at me. I am no longer her favorite reader, her ideal reader, her like-minded reader. She has stopped mentioning me in a funny video, an exceptional dance, or a revolutionary text. I observe the ways she spends her days without me. She goes on a morning walk that further distances her from me; she sometimes bikes, or is driven to the port in a new person’s car—most likely a struggling novelist.</p><p><br /></p><p>Him too she will leave—she is moody and irritable. If she could not make it last with a prose poet, how will she ever stand to live with nine characters from three different generations, spread out across four continents, between two wars, about to become three? He will end up in the same boat as me. She will then replace him for an experimental writer, who blends one subgenre with another. She will make him feel very special—exceptional even—the first and last love of her life; she will give him Kilito’s books, and stay up all night positing that it was Arabs who invented genre, and not the author, and that anyway, the author is a Western heresy, and that the author must die, together with his genres—sub or not—and his experimentation—they must all die. She will leave him swinging between genres, torn between prose blocks and verse, and the novelist and I will end up having to take him down from the cross.</p><p><br /></p><p>My hearts stack up in a column on the side of her screen, bleeding into one another, red seeping into red, staining her thumb. Sometimes, disturbed by my onslaught of hearts, she callously empties my heart chambers of any trace of her, removing even her pillow, which she often used as an excuse to avoid spending the night with me. O, how I’ve tried to fasten my valves to keep her captive. She fought back dramatically, and threatened to fling herself off my coronary. She slit my veins, that savage bitch; even my pulse she let wander like a stray into the pages of strangers.</p><p><br /></p><p>I send her a poem, or a song I enjoyed, and that made me think of her. I read the lyrics with my ears first, before I search for them on Google or in YouTube comments, to read them in verse. I make sure the song could only be about her, about us, about what has been lost—what’s possible. Sometimes she responds, aridly, like someone looking for an ending. She bats no eye at all the pleading in my Arabic songs. She skips the musical interlude—the song’s carpeting—in an instant. Even the Mawwal—that stone that moves lake beds—she walks right over. The sorrow that climbs the soul’s stairs and into the oud player’s fingertips, the violinist who surrenders his neck to the guillotine of separation, the qanun player caressing the butterflies that sprouted, just last night, in the belly of a new lover: she leafs through them all in one or two verses, before slamming the window shut on the singer’s gaping mouth.</p><p><br /></p><p>She humiliates me, weighs me down. I suggest meeting; I offer my invitation calmly, so that when she turns me down—as usual—I would receive her aloofness with sportsmanship. When she spent her days with me, she would eat and smoke and wage chaos where most of our memories still live. She would always show up to weddings and farewells—occasionally to funerals—and in the first few weeks of every love affair. She may be jealous of my new lovers, but she also knows they are disposable.</p><p> </p><p><br /></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Lot’s Wife</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p>Lot’s wife stands near the entrance, deformed more radically by the artist than she had ever been by the Lord. The artist didn’t preserve her salty body; instead, he restored her in bronze, crafting a prisoner of eternity. She can’t visit the neighbors to gossip about her new visitors; she can’t even cross the gallery’s threshold. Mummified and silent, she overhears fleeting conversations, surveils countenances with incurious eyes. People of various races— jinn, humans, and angels—walk past her daily. In a past life, she squirmed if she had to carry strangers’ stories in her belly—she would wander the neighborhood, disgorging one tale after another.</p><p><br /></p><p>She is no longer a threat to secrets. Now, Lot’s wife pays the price for her fleeting nostalgia, her passion for the past, which compelled her to take one last look at Sodom. Looking back, she barely managed to archive the colors of her life, barely captured the morning’s scent before it went missing, together with geography. She barely swallowed the language whose extinction would turn her dreams obsolete. At the border checkpoint, a migrant is not allowed to occupy herself with anything but the present moment. It has been said that in turning back, she had compromised the identity of the Lord. Or that in her gut, she believed Sodom innocent, wrongly battered to dust.</p><p><br /></p><p>Perhaps if Lot’s wife had waited until she got to the cave before letting nostalgia overwhelm her, the plot of cosmology would have gone in an entirely different direction. In fact, it might have ended in that cave, and left us in peace. Why couldn’t the Lord understand that all she wanted was to write a poem about ruins? Is it because men have a sole claim to ruin?</p><p><br /></p><p>She looks tiny on the plinth; her head like a newborn with no talent for wailing. The artist has stripped Lot’s wife of her limbs. Perhaps he feared she would escape the gallery, and travel back to the underworld.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><i>translated from the Arabic by Sara Elkamel</i></b></p><p><b><i><a href="https://www.asymptotejournal.com/poetry/three-poems-mona-kareem/">Asymptote</a></i></b></p>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-74253239902006443832022-05-27T13:35:00.004-07:002022-05-27T13:35:32.464-07:00Hope Dissidents - tr. Sara Elkamel<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif;">When</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif;">we die,</span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">the cemetery keeper tires<br />of surveilling our graves’ windows.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">We trace the memory of rain —</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">but it dances in the distance<br />where the lilies quake the earth<br />until its dreams unwind.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">When my grandfather burned his cave,<br />the demons came out to meet him<br />with wedding preparations.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">And as the dream verged on a nightmare,<br />he danced; my mother’s tail<br />bowing to the nudeness of silence.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">I have resigned myself to hymns,<br />unlike my grandfather;<br />winter villages ignite in his heart<br />every bakery, a long way<br />from the sounds of hope.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Our roof embraces a crew<br />of honorable dead people.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Near the bends of light<br />my grandmother briefly abandons her modesty<br />to bake the past’s dough<br />for a Reader of Nostalgia,<br />who takes everything she wants from her<br />yet prescribes she swallow<br />more sadness<br />for her grandchildren’s sake.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">That’s why, grandmother,<br />don’t approach the catacombs of hope;<br />we are but its dissidents.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "PT Serif", Constantia, "Lucida Bright", Lucidabright, "Lucida Serif", Lucida, "DejaVu Serif", "Bitstream Vera Serif", "Liberation Serif", Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1em; max-width: 800px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>* Published in <a href="https://www.guernicamag.com/hope-dissidents/">GUERNICA</a> magazine. </i></p>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-12644188934980902582022-05-27T13:33:00.006-07:002022-05-27T13:35:57.402-07:00Four poems - tr: Sara Elkamel <p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">The Migrant Poet Slaughters His Voice</span></p><p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">One scorching summer<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />—warmer than the previous summer,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />and cooler than the next—<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />the poet journeyed from the upper south<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />to the lower south.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">He descended, and at the fringe of a rock,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />slaughtered his voice. Just like that, calmly,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />his narrow eyes squinting in distress.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />He did not read Al-Fatiha, nor did he pledge<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />this sacrifice to Allah.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">The poet was exasperated that his voice had become a metaphor;<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />he wanted to see the blood of his voice, its lard and flesh,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />its lineage—to hear its chords vibrating<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />even if a single utterance would cost him his life.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">In our language, he finds himself placing nouns before verbs,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />tainted by the lyrical I, perhaps. He picks words<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />that had wilted until they turned to gold. Wiping away<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />the dust of the centuries, he plants them in small pots.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />The poet thinks he can<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />heal the dumb, and revive the dead.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">Meanwhile, in their language, he crosses mountains and oceans<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />leaving a talisman on every tree<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />to find his way back.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">He hauls a mountain from the slopes of California,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />and flings it into the Gulf of Mexico<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />before it floats, once again, atop an oil pipeline.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">Every morning, I wake up to his voice;<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />I slam the window in its face, and go back to sleep.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />I let him jumble the clocks, talk to me about the prose poem—<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />how it stands like a bare trunk, interrupting the horizon:<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />They have stolen our music<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">and nothing's left but the voice<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />that reaches me across time zones<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />afflicted with insomnia, burdened with beginnings,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />stuck—like an eternal cry—<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />in the chasm of time.</p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">My Body, My Vehicle</span></p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">My body is my vehicle<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />I drive her like a reckless teen<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />She crashes into others, into sidewalks<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />She breaks red lights at the last second<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />As the Death Policeman shakes his head<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">Sometimes, I lose one of my features, a strand of hair, or an organ<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And I find no spare parts in the junkyard<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />I lost my silver lips<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And my grease-coated heart<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And I lost my rotating hat<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Then, my left hand<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And with it, my peripheral vision<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">Like a Canadian man on Mondays<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />I start the engine softly and shovel the surrounding snow<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />I let her warm up and come alive<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Regain her senses<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />For no vehicle rises from bed<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Ready to face the street<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">In the room, I let her roam<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Every time an idea struggles for air<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />She scratches with her unkempt nails<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />The wooden floors, waiting for language<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Until it unfurls, easing the crisis<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">What do I do with this vehicle of mine?<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />I cannot park her, abandon her anywhere!<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />When I go shopping, my wheels shatter<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />The glossy ceramic floors<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And when I go to the beach<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />She sinks her teeth into the sand<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">Small and dark complected and broken<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Her windows are an almanac of winds<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And her voice falters at rush hour<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">Cigarette of Light</span></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">What do I sleep for today?<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />I part his ribcage open in my dream;<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />I swim through it like a fish, drying its tears.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">He says:<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Didn’t you hear that electronic pigeons<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />have overthrown the good old pigeons?!<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">Lodged in my soul<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />are thunderous sighs,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />released by insomniac children.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Lodged in my soul<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />is a broken doorknob.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">Darkness<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />is to slip the light into your pockets,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />and be on your way.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /></p></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><p style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">Happiness</span></p><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;" /><div style="background-color: #fbfcfd; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: "Untitled Serif", Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; width: 680px;"><p align="justify" style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem; max-width: 100%;">She sits at the kitchen table. The table was made for a man, a woman, and three children. The mother dangles a palm below her chin, and wishes the flowers on the drapes would not wilt. Her husband works long hours. The money goes only so far. The children long for someone to listen to their make-believe stories. In her mind, she has no one to talk to. She runs off every night, dressed as a clown, and stays up late speaking to the drifters in the main square of all the things that do not pretend to be happy.<em style="box-sizing: inherit;"> I will let no one extract the clown from me</em>, she says.</p></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>* <a href="https://brooklynrail.org/2022/05/poetry/four-Kareem">May 2022 issue of the Brooklyn Rail </a></div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-48570506386722324732022-01-13T11:38:00.003-08:002022-01-13T11:38:42.454-08:00Western Poets Kidnap Your Poems and Call Them Translations<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mona Kareem on the colonial phenomenon of rendition as translation </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Earlier this year, an English translation of Yi Lei, a prominent poet of the ’80s generation in China, was released by Graywolf Press. Tweets and headlines in the American press rejoiced, stressing how this Chinese Emily Dickinson has been brought into English by none other than the Pulitzer prizewinner Tracy K. Smith. They marvelled at such feminist collaboration, our best woman poet and their best woman poet, meeting in verse. ‘An encounter with Tracy K. Smith eased the late Chinese poet’s emergence into the Anglophone world,’ declared the New Yorker. The verb ‘eased’ struck me; like an unwanted pregnancy, her poems arrive in English—a ‘second life’ to use the article’s Benjaminian wording. Tracy K. Smith has no knowledge of Chinese, and as such, I doubt that she knows enough about Chinese poetry and where Yi Lei stands among her generation, or the place of her poetics within their literary domain. In the introduction, written without the co-translator, Smith makes no mention of any other Chinese poets, nor does she contextualize Lei’s work. She describes her as a revolutionary voice, tells us about her brief friendship with Lei, comparing her to one American master: ‘she was huge-hearted and philosophical, on intimate terms with the world in the way of Walt Whitman, one of her literary heroes.’</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Smith does not hide her anxiety at the nature of this work yet she does not frame it as a non-translation, or perhaps an anti-translation: ‘I accepted the fact that the music of the original, which I wasn’t capable of recognizing in the Chinese, or gleaning from David’s intermediary translation, could not be a component of my concerns as a translator.’ After all, it is no strange phenomenon for Western poets, from Ezra Pound to Ted Hughes, to hire a linguist or a literary scholar to compose a ‘rough translation’ to then make an adaptation of the text. I hold no objections against adaptation as a form of translation, nor am I interested in guarding definitions of translation but am rather interested in examining how such co-opting of literary translation speaks of a larger attitude toward non-western literatures. Sometimes it is the author of the original text who partners in this process and, where not versed in the target language or its literature, this yields a collaboration distinct for its uneven power relations. Last July, Graywolf announced a new translation, or an adaptation, of Dante by Mary Jo Bang, another beloved woman poet of America. It announced in a tweet, ‘Congratulations to Jo Bang on her release,’ to which I couldn’t help but respond, ‘Congratulations to Dante!’ </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This phenomenon of Western poets calling their renditions translations has always baffled me. Everywhere else in the world, poets might commit the sin of translating a text via an intermediary language which they speak (a translation of a translation) but never would they hire someone to give them a rough draft of the original to then workshop the hell out of it! One can’t help but wonder, if the resources are available for a rough draft, if the enthusiasm is present to ‘ease’ a text into a new language, then what is it that stops western poets and publishers from leaving the task of translating someone of the caliber of Yi Lei to a qualified translator? After all, Chinese is not some obscure language of the Norwegian outskirts, it’s literally the largest language in the world when we count native speakers! In his review of Smith’s adaptation, Andrew Chan writes about the state of confusion he found himself in, wary of the ‘false conclusions’ that Smith’s ‘unfaithful renditions’ would leave the English-speaker with. Chan, who has read the poetry of both Smith and Lei (in the original), is able to tell how Smith’s renditions were decorated by an aesthetic contrary to Lei’s work, a musicality specific to Smith, a drastic difference in style and tone. What poets who are not translators fail to understand is that it is exactly ‘style, tone, and content’ that makes or breaks a translator. Chan too is aware of this phenomenon, offering examples beyond poetry, where the translator takes liberty in not only domesticating a text, but making of it a ‘loose’ adaptation. It is indeed a form of textual violence.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">As an Arab poet, I can tell you that stories of what western translators do to our work make a favourite subject in literary festivals, late-night gatherings, and zoom events. One cannot miss the sense of ‘guardianship’ western translators practice over us—how they filter us, make us lyrical, oblique, politically-correct, or appealing. A sense of paternity is at practice by which the western translator takes your hand and guides you into the darkness of the abyss, especially if you do not speak their language. Often, you naively believe in them, after all this is not a matter of ill intentions, the two of you work on the belief that it is a ‘collaboration,’ and as so, whatever it yields, might be worth the while! </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I had thought that the phenomenon of western poets adapting someone’s translation had vanished. I would argue that it did disappear for a few years from English, only to return at the hands of poets, not translators! Translation has become ‘cool’; in some way its popularity speaks of the failure of a liberal intellectual class wrestling with the rise of Western fascisms. It rejuvenates their monolingual diction and imagery, it fits in the tenure dossier, it rescues the Third-World poet who is always imagined as a singular voice against the savage masses; as if the Cold War has never ended, or God forbid, hasn’t been won by the United States. Translation today, as scholar Dima Ayoub argues, is seen not only as a necessity but also necessarily good. What makes translations a must? Where does this blind faith in translation come from? Doesn’t translation act also as unconditional access, as surveillance, as an expanding force of the global capitalist market of literature? </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This year, I was invited to review Let me Tell You What I Saw by Iraqi poet Adnan al-Sayegh. I had read the poetry of al-Sayegh in my teen years and can still remember his ability to amuse and surprise, through unexpected imagery, as well as playful renditions of Arabic texts, both canonical and modern. Al-Sayegh is a poet of the ’80s, and this English translation is specifically excerpted from his epic-like poem The Song of Uruk or The Anthem of Uruk, first published in 1996. It was a blunt attempt by al-Sayegh to bring back the long-form poem, at a time when his contemporaries were moving fast and steady toward the condensed minimalist poem. He did not shy away from high lyricism, which for many Arabic poets feels undesirable in the intimidating shadow of Mahmoud Darwish. I took note that the co-translator of the text, Jenny Lewis, is a poet and theatre practitioner who has a lifelong interest in the Epic of Gilgamesh. I thought it would be a perfect pairing, but the translation revealed otherwise. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Instead, I found myself again before a translation by a Western poet who had hired a native speaker to produce a ‘rough draft’ before workshopping the translation with the author for ‘hundreds of hours’ as Lewis states in her afterword. The book production makes the mistake of placing the original and the translation next to each other, as if to make stark the many basic wrongs committed in the translation. The book’s outline highlights the very absurdity of adaptation as translation—the Arabic pages placed on the left, when the language is written right-to-left. As an object, it is confusing, a mass of papers shoved into a binder. I was anxious at the idea that such translation is the product of ‘hundreds of hours’; I could only imagine what other useful work such labour might have produced. Lewis, a lecturer at Oxford, refers to her co-translator Ruba Abughaida—a Lebanese-Palestinian fiction writer—as her student whom she hired for the task. The English poet is blind to the power-relations she draws for us here, a hierarchy between her and Abughaida. Her name appears on the cover without Abughaida’s name. The ‘collaboration’ brings me to raise an additional question: why is a native speaker assumed to be a translator? </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In her notes on the ‘translation,’ which is not her first of al-Sayegh’s work, Lewis compares the Iraqi poet to Andalusian poets, to Ibn Hazm; she speaks of her approach to bring al-Sayegh closer to Dylan Thomas! In reality, al-Sayegh might have come closer to T. S. Eliot, via the influence of Iraqi poet al-Sayyab, and his translations of Eliot. Al-Sayegh was hoping to write a contemporary adaptation of Gilgamesh, one to which the modern Iraqi reader can relate, to its subjects of war and repression, exile and love. In this attempt, he was in conversation with the voices of many Arabic poets, canonical and modern, sometimes hijacking their lines and completing them with his. This brings me back to what Chan said of Smith’s translation: where is style, tone, and content? But I must add: where is the intertextuality of the text? Why is a text reduced to the singular, instead of becoming a tunnel, a little river to lead into the ocean that is Arabic poetry? Lewis has missed even the opportunity to put her playwright skills into amplifying the epic-like features of Adnan’s poem, especially how it switches between the singular and collective voice, the protagonist and the chorus. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When reading the translation face-to-face with the original, I can say it’s a literal translation that fails at the very task of being literal. The poetic compositions that, for Adnan’s generation, often take the form of a ‘construct case’ are reduced to basic digestible images. The text opens with, ‘On the balcony of vigilance I sit’ which Lewis makes into ‘I sit on the balcony, alert.’ Two lines later, the poem reads ‘my lips are cracked like the trunk of a palm tree overlooking the river’ which Lewis turns into ‘like the roots of the palm tree.’ The latter image makes no sense, it fails to capture his contrast of the texture of cracked lips to the harsh trunk of a palm tree.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Another feature of Adnan’s poetry is punctuation. In Arabic, italics and formatting are not a feature of literary writing, while punctuation, though present, is not a regulated business like it is in English. Adnan was known for his exploitation of punctuation as a way of switching between one voice and another within a single poem, or in other places, for spacing and repetition, to give a theatrical and lyrical affect to his verse. In the English, Lewis merely copies and pastes these features, missing the fact that punctuation too must be translated. What comes as an intervention in the Arabic poem, must also be reinvented as such in the English. If brackets and dots do not resonate similarly in English poetry, they should have been substituted with italics and formatting, to give one solution. This can be seen as well in the way he uses interpolated clauses (digressions), appearing aimlessly in English as is, or sometimes arbitrarily interrupting the very logic and flow of a verse. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The adaptation omits basic sentence parts, such as pronouns or adverbs and conjunctions, without which the narrative is lost. Lewis translates: ‘In my name and yours / attached / to the skyline / is the arch of lazord’ when it should have been ‘as the arch of lazord’ referring back to the names. She adds: ‘Tiresias laughs: love cannot be buried / yet Juno buries it out in the wasteland / leaving it half-covered, its penis exposed’; the use of ‘it’ makes it sound as if love, in abstract, is what Juno buries, when in fact she buries Tiresias himself, or as the myth goes, she blinds him. Similarly, the translation struggles to catch the Arabic’s easy switching between a human and their parts, from the total to the particular, sometimes misleading the reader to think there are two women addressed in the verse, not the same one: ‘Should we waste our days at the newspaper? / I am closed like a book / I stroke your eyes as you drowse. And she makes me slide between her breasts / as her breast bursts out of her dress / free as a runaway ghazal’ instead of ‘As they [the eyes] let me slide through your cleavage / your breast bursts out of the dress / running free like a runaway gazelle’, the animal, not ghazal, the poetic form. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Now I must ask you, dear reader, do you think this level of work would slide with translations from French or Spanish? Would it be funded, published, praised, listed? Can an Arab poet in England use his Russian student to produce a rough translation of say, Maria Stepanova, then go sit with the Russian poet to produce a translation? The history of literature teaches us that in the East or the West, the pre-modern writer was necessarily multilingual; it was a given, not a genius only afforded to aristocratic writers of the likes of Nabokov. History also teaches us how the European nation-state brought upon us the illness that is monolingualism, and ever since, the gift of polyglotism has become exclusive to specialists who, unlike bilingual immigrants and refugees, are afforded the chance to study the other and translate him. I grew up reading Russian masterpieces translated into Arabic from the French, as I also read Mishima and Kawabata in Arabic translations from the English. I love these translations and still return to them; they are their own beautiful creations. Nevertheless, today in the pre-capitalist Arabic publishing industry, readers demand more, demand better, they devour re-translations and battle each other in evaluating one against the other.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thinking of translation as a service for the Third-World poet, as an ‘easing’ into the colonial language, as a championing, a celebration, or an unearthing, should simply not be tolerated. Translation into English today reflects a general mentality shared by Western writers themselves—that they know it all, have seen it all, and the only thing left for them to do is to take us under their wings. They do not see us as their counterparts, as their comrades, their savior-complex is clothed with polished words and a self-described radical poetics. Their canon, which does not make even a third of, say, the Arabic or Chinese canon, somehow has more to draw from and fit into when they translate us. The establishment, the industry, the poet, the translator, come together in allowing a level of mediocrity afforded only to certain figures. The Third-World poet too, fascinated with the West, with the wondrous machinery of western publishing, surrenders to whatever the mud might make of their work. How can one any longer believe in ‘collaboration’ or in ‘translation’ without first addressing the power structures that cast their shadows over any two people working together? Today, translation has become so vicious that certain Arabic writers would prefer their work be published in English first, before the original Arabic. The Guardian would then declare him a best Arabic writer, as if Guardian critics know anything about Arabic literature, when that given Arabic writer has not even been read yet in his own language. I am not arguing that a poetry translation might win you the Nobel or welcome you into the canon, but I am saying the textual violence disturbs my peace and pleasure alike.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">* Published in POETRY BIRMINGHAM <a href="https://poetrybirmingham.com/mona-kareem-western-translations">LITERARY JOURNAL</a>. </div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-42435165585886318582021-12-10T11:32:00.001-08:002022-01-13T11:35:59.359-08:00خرائط المنفى<p dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Symbio, serif;">جالسة على أريكة خضراء في شقة بروكلينية باتت الآن موبوءة ببقّ الفراش، أدركتُ فجأة أن موعد</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Symbio, serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Symbio, serif;">رحلة طيراني للقاء عائلتي لأول مرة منذ خمس سنوات كان الليلة، وليس غداً؛ أي 12:30 بعد منتصف الليل، وليس 12:30 وقت الظهيرة. كنت قد خططت للاستيقاظ مبكراً في الصباح، أحضر فُنجاني قهوة، قبل ملئ حقيبتي الصغيرة بالقليل من الهدايا التي تمكنت من شرائها لإخوتي في آخر لحظة. ظننت أن لدي المزيد من الساعات كي أجلس مع ذاك الشعور الثقيل، الذي حسبته مزيجاً من الانفعال والشوق، ولكنه كان في الحقيقة مزيجاً من القلق والخوف – الخوفُ من أن تسير الأمور على غير ما يرام؛ الخوف من لقاءات لا يمكن لأحد أن يحضّر نفسه لها.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Symbio, serif; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQOmIPrpP0kSisrjeeZF_UptLajBirmlsnDCJIIVfZrv7TQr8CRfpUKkkghJ3cIAjpOQSP-eyyN1AU7csQxjkVTP5m9rNI3Y6dn3VUxl_wRjA2s890-vRn3J_2IFNaDKV3rVWObi_8Oc86kuLgi5n7Ui-twitBMzF1mfjTJAz2EZcJjz29x958QNYh=s553" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="414" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQOmIPrpP0kSisrjeeZF_UptLajBirmlsnDCJIIVfZrv7TQr8CRfpUKkkghJ3cIAjpOQSP-eyyN1AU7csQxjkVTP5m9rNI3Y6dn3VUxl_wRjA2s890-vRn3J_2IFNaDKV3rVWObi_8Oc86kuLgi5n7Ui-twitBMzF1mfjTJAz2EZcJjz29x958QNYh=s320" width="240" /></a></div><br />أمام الأريكة طربيزة مدورة، حُمت حولها بذعر، غير متأكدة من قدرتي على الوصول إلى مطار جون إف كينيدي في الوقت المناسب، أو إلى كييف، أو إلى تبليسي. على مر شهور، كنت قد جمعت أنا وأختي مبلغاً لكي نتمكن من الذهاب في رحلة لم الشمل تلك التي ستدوم أسبوعاً، في بلدٍ لا نعرف عنه أي شيء. بعد شهورٍ قليلة من وصولي إلى الولايات المتحدة، رفض الكويتيون طلب تجديد وثيقة السفر، فصرتُ بذلك لاجئة. قوبلت محاولاتُ عائلتي للحصول على فيزا أمريكية بالرفض المتكرر أيضاً؛ لذا بحثنا عن خطط بديلة. اتصلنا بالسفارات كل صباح، في الولايات المتحدة وفي الكويت. سألتُ، «هل تقبلون وثيقة سفر لاجئ من إصدار الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية؟ كم يستغرق إصدار تأشيرة السفر؟» أما هم فسألوا «هل تقبلون وثيقة سفر «بدون»؟ كم يستغرق إصدار تأشيرة السفر؟» وكانت جورجيا هي الدولة الأسهلُ للطرفين، المكان الذي أعاد العرب استكشافه خلال السنوات القليلة الماضية، هذه المرة ليس بصفتهم فاتحين، وإنما لاجئين مارّين، يطمحون للتسلل إلى القارة الأوروبية من جانبها الشرقيّ.<p></p><p dir="rtl" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Symbio, serif; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">غادرتُ الكويت في شهر أغسطس / آب عام 2011، وكان ذلك أفضل وقت لمغادرة الكويت، حيث درجة الحرارة 120 فهرنهايت (48.8 مئوية). كنت متيقنة من أنني على الأغلب لن أرجع في أي وقت قريب. كان حلم مغادرتي لهذه البلاد قديماً قِدَم جسدي. لطالما كنت مسحورة باحتمالات الأماكن الأخرى، يغلبني شعور الملل والتبلد من مسقط رأسي؛ وفوق كل شيء تعبت من كوني بدون جنسية، ومن دولة عمرها أصغر من عمر أبي تتهمني مراراً أنني لا أنتمي أو أنني لست «أصيلة» كفاية. لا أعرف النوم في الطائرات، ولا حتى عند استقلال الحافلات؛ شيءٌ ما في حضور الآخرين يقضّ مضجعي. قضيتُ الساعات أضع لمسات أخيرة على مشروع ترجمة كلفتني به امرأة بيضاء حاولَت ألّا تدفع أتعابي بحجة أنها تمنحني «فرصة الظهور في المشهد الأدبي الأمريكي». امرأة بيضاء لا نفوذ لها حتى في هذا المشهد. انتبهتُ إلى جيراني الجالسين بالقرب مني، وكانوا أماً وثلاثة أطفال، عندما سمعتهم يتحدثون بالعربية. طرحنا على بعض السؤال الذي عادة ما نطرحه قبل السؤال عن الاسم. أجاب ابنها، المولود في باي ريدج بروكلين، «نحن فلسطينيون».</p><p dir="rtl" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Symbio, serif; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">عند وصولنا إلى كييف، تم تفتيشنا أنا والفلسطينيين بدقة، وراح الولد ذو الاثني عشر عاماً يلقي دعابات «عنّا»، وعن كوننا «نحن» من يؤخر الطوابير، ومن يجعل الحشود تتأفف وتتململ. سلبَ الأوكرانيون مني مقصاً صغيراً وملقط شعر كان حاجباي بأمس الحاجة إليه. شعرتُ بالإحباط ولجأت إلى السخرية، فصرت أجيب عن كل سؤال بسؤال – <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">لا أعرف... لأن... أنتم تعرفون... لماذا... هل يجب عليّ ذلك؟</span> كانت هذه من جملة أساليب التكيّف التي اكتسبتها في رحلاتي من مطار إلى مطار، كبديل عن الابتسام في وجه من يقوم بتفتيشك واذلالك. يفاجئهم سلوكي هذا ويجبرهم أحياناً على اللجوء إلى استدعاء مدرائهم، للتعامل مع امرأة تتحدث مثل أمريكية متسلطة، لكنها ليست بأمريكية. ذاك اليوم، مثل بقية الأيام، رفضتُ أن أجيب عن أسئلة من قبيل، لماذا أنا بدون جنسية، أو لماذا أملك وثيقة سفر لاجئ. تمسّكت بسلوكي المعاند وفكّرت، <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">حتى الأوكرانيّين.</span> ففي العام السابق، قامت روسيا باحتلال أوكرانيا، مما يدفع المرء على الظن بأن لدى الأوكرانيين أشياء أجدر بالقلق. طلبتُ أن تؤخذ صورة لنا، أنا والفلسطينيين. صوَّرتنا الأم، واتخذنا – أنا والأطفال – وضعيات مختلفة، نرفع أيادينا في علامات لا نستطيع فك شِفراتها. </p><p dir="rtl" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Symbio, serif; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: right; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"></p><div class="field field-name-field-footer field-type-text-long field-label-hidden field-wrapper" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: grey; font-family: Symbio, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2rem !important; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: right; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div></div><p dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;"></p><div class="body field field-type-text-with-summary field-name-body" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Symbio, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px 0px 1em; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: right; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><div class="field-items" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="field-item even" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>عائلتي أقل خبرة في التعامل مع المطارات، وقد مثّلت مسؤولية إدارة خمستهم بالإضافة إلى أمي حملاً ثقيلاً على كاهل أختي. كانوا متحمسين لرؤيتي، و أيضاً للخروج من الكويت. غذّوا حماسهم بالقهوة والشوكولاتة والمقرمشات غير الصحّية. أما أبي، ذو الإعاقة والمهدد على الدوام بفقدان وظيفته، قرّر ألّا يرافقهم وأن يظل في الكويت بصحبة أخي. انتابني شعور بأنه كان مرعوباً من لقائي بعد كل هذه السنوات، أو ربما آثر ألّا يثقلنا بحمل حركته. قال لي، «المرة الجاية انشالله» وأومأتُ أنا على الطرف الآخر من الخط.<p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">وصلتُ قبل يوم من الموعد المحدد في تبليسي، لكي أتأكد من المكان الذي استأجرته، ولكي أتأكد مما لو كان عليّ ترتيب أمور مواصلات العائلة أو شراء بعض الحاجيات، أو إبريق شاي ربما. لم أكن أعرف أن هذا البلد السوفيتي لا علاقة له بالإنكليزية، وأنه أقرب بقليلٍ إلى العربية. اعتمدتُ على الإيماءات باليد، أدفع خرائط غوغل في أوجه الآخرين أسألهم، «هذا كيف؟ هذا أين؟» ضّبَت أمي ثيابها مع ثياب أختي واستخدمت حقيبتها الشخصية لتحزم كل المكونات الرئيسية لأطباقي المفضلة. وبالفعل حضّرت في كل يوم من أيام ذلك الأسبوع الذي قضيناه في تبليسي طبقاً جديداً لي. تساءلتُ أحياناً ما إذا كان طبخها جيداً بالأصل، أم أنها قد فقدت مهارتها مع التقدم في العمر. وفي كل مرة كنت أنهي طبقي، تسألني عمّا يجب أن تطبخ في اليوم التالي، وكنت أجيبْ، كي أثبت لها أنني ما زلت أتذكر، وأنني ما زلت أشتاق إلى أكلاتها.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">خلال لمّ شملنا ذاك، أي خلال الأسبوع الذي قضيناه سوية رغم نقصنا، لاحظَت عائلتي وحدتي وقلقي، ورأت ما فعلته هذه المشاعر بي؛ كيف تطفلت على وقتنا سوية، وكيف لم أستطع النوم في حضورهم. أنا البنت الأكبر من بين سبعة لطالما ناموا سوية وعلى نفس الأرض متجانبين، وقد كنتُ أحياناً الأخت الشجاعة التي تقترح أن نتلاصق بعضنا البعض، تحت لحافٍ واحد، لنشاهد التلفاز من دون صوت بعد منتصف الليل، في ليالي الأسابيع المدرسية، بينما ينام والدانا. في نهاية الرحلة، توجه إليّ أخي بالكلام قائلاً، «لا تدعي الأجانب يُنسونك نفسك... تقضين كل وقتك تعملين، تعملين، تعملين...»</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">«من هم البدون؟» هو سؤالٌ سأعاني على الدوام في الرد عليه – كيف تُعرّفُ شخصاً بالنفي؟ إن لدى الأشخاصِ والمجتمعاتِ بدون الجنسية في منطقة الخليج حكايات ورحلات متنوعة، ولكنهم جميعاً باتوا بلا جنسية نتيجة عنفِ ولادة الدولة. في الستينات، تم توظيف جدي الأمّي من قبل البريطانيين ليعمل في حقول النفط، قبل أن يتم استبداله بعمالة أرخص، حتى وجد نفسه في قلب الحياة المدنية، يحضّر القهوة والشاي في كافتيريات المكاتب البيروقراطية حديثة البناء. حتى اندلاع حرب الخليج الثانية، لم تكن حياة البدونِ صعبة تماماً. فقد كان بالإمكان الحصول على التعليم والرعاية الصحية وفرص العمل و«جواز سفر خاص،» أيْ باختصار، الحقوق الأساسية التي لم يتمتع بها إلا جيل والدي. ولكن البدون تحولوا بعد الحرب، مثلهم مثل الفلسطينيين والعراقيين، إلى عدو جديد، وصارت دولة الكويت تتهمهم بالعمالة وبكونهم مرتزقة، قبل أن تقوم بتهجيرهم بشكل جماعي. وفي السنوات التي أعقبت الحرب، انخفضت أعداد البدون في الكويت إلى النصف، من 250 ألف إلى 125 ألف، في بلد لم يتجاوز عدد سكانه في ذلك الوقت المليونَي شخص.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">نشأ جيلي في بيئة من الخوف والوصم، مدفوعاً إلى ضرورة التمويه عن الذات، ألا تصدر عن الواحد أي كلمة قد لا يكون صوتها<span> </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">أصيلاً</strong><span> </span>بالنسبة إلى المواطن الكويتيّ. لطالما كان الحديث عن كونِ المرء من البدون ضرباً من المحرّمات، إلى أن بدأنا بالتنظيم السياسي في عام 2011. خلال العقود الثلاثة الماضية، قامت الدولة بتزييف سجلات البدون، مزيلة أسماء قبائلهم كي تمحوا أنسابهم وصلاتهم، ومهَرت وثائقهم بكلمة «استثنائي» بعد أن طبعتها على ورقٍ رديء فاقع اللون، بحيث يسهل على عيون الدولة التعرف عليك كلّما أخرجتَ هويتك. حُرمنا بشكل ممنهج من الحصول على التعليم، والرعاية الصحية، والوظائف الرسمية، وعقود الزواج، والتمثيل القانوني، من بين أشياء أخرى كثيرة. حتى جواز السفر مادة (17)، الذي يحتاجه أبناء البدون لكي يعبروا الحدود، لا يُمنح إلا حسب الحالة، إما لإقامة الحج أو الحصول على العلاج في الخارج. ومثل الكثيرين من العرب، اضطُر البدون للارتجال والابداع في الحصول على جوازات السفر وتأشيرات الدخول، أملاً بالوصول إلى جنات الغرب. وعلى صفحة البيانات الشخصية في جواز السفر، يُكتب في خانة الجنسية:<span> </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">غير محدد</strong>. اليوم، تتواجد أكبر تجمعات البدون في الشتات في كندا والمملكة المتحدة. وصارت حكايات الأقارب والجيران والأصدقاء الذين تعرضوا للسجن بسبب محاولتهم عبور الحدود إلى جورجيا، والمغرب، وتركيا، بل وحتى المكسيك، من الأمور الشائعة؛ ففي الكثير من الحالات، يتم ترحيل الواحد إلى الكويت، وزجّه في السجن بسبب الدخول أو الخروج بشكل غير قانوني.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">ازداد حُلمي بمغادرة الكويت إلحاحاً عندما سمعت عن خال لي وصل إلى الدنمارك، بعدما نجا من أقبية التعذيب الكويتية في الأيام التي تلت حرب الخليج، ثم نُفي إلى العراق التي سرعان ما خضعت للعقوبات، قبل أن يشقّ طريقه بعد سنوات إلى كوبنهاغن عن طريق مسار ترحال اعجازي لا يعرف إلا العراقيون كيفية قطعه. وجدتُ الدنمارك على الخريطة، في أقصى شمال الكوكب، وبدت المسافة التي تفصلني عنها مثيرة ومحالة. أخبرت إخوتي عن الخطة، وقلتُ لهم إن بإمكان المرء هناك أن يتصل برقم 911 ويشتكي على أهله إن ضربوه، فاقتنعوا سريعاً بالفكرة. في بداية الألفينات، كانت الحكومة الكويتية قد سمحت لسوق سوداء من جوازات السفر بالازدهار، وانتشرت الإعلانات في الجرائد من قبيل، «جوازات سفر للبيع من إريتريا، ألبانيا، الدومينيكان، وبوليفيا. نظيفة ورسمية. اتصلوا على: 765–4321». وبالقرب منها إعلانات هجرة: «نحن نساعدك للوصول إلى أستراليا: دراسة مجانية، رعاية صحية مجانية – ابدأ حياة جديدة اليوم!» أو «تعالَ إلى كندا، وطنك الجديد.» جميعها تستعمل أهم الكلمات التي ننشدها: حقوق أساسية وبلد نقيم فيه. بدا كل شيء وقتها على مسافة مكالمة هاتفية. فتح رجال بِيضٌ مكاتب مزيفة بتسعيرة 150 دولاراً على جلسة الاستشارة الواحدة. لم نشكّ بالرجلٍ الأبيض وقتها؛ فهم المنقذون في كل الأفلام، ونحن نبحث عمن ينقذنا. جلس اثنان منهما وراء مكتب كبير يتهامسان وكأن حياتنا تعتمد على حكمهما النهائي. وبعد ثلاث جلسات توصّلا إلى قرار: «أنتِ يمكن أن نأخذك، أما عائلتكِ: ليس ممكن». يَئِست عائلتي من فكرة الهجرة، أما أنا فلم أيأس. فبعدها بسنوات غادرتُ الكويت بتأشيرة طالب، بعدما تم قبولي في برنامج خريجين في شمال ولاية نيويورك.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">تتذكر أمي رحيلي بالحركة البطيئة، وبالتفصيل الممل. أما أنا فأتذكر الرحيل برؤوس أقلام، وباختصار سريع. تتذكر هي العناقات الرطبة والاستدارة بعد المرور من كل مدخل؛ تتذكر من كان متواجداً، ومن لم يكن. توفر لديها كل الوقت لكي تمعن التفكير في الذكريات، وقد أتقنت عبر السنين دور المتروكة بالوراء. كأنما الألم بحد ذاته هو كل ما يتبقى لنا بعد رحيل أحبتنا، من دونه لا يمكنك استدعاؤهم إلى الحياة، عبر الفسحة الهائلة للزمان والمكان. أخبرتني أمي في مكالمة هاتفية مرة، «أنتِ تركتني مثلما تركَتني أمي قبلكِ؛ والآن صرتُ أعرف هذا الشعور من الجهتين.»</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">ما لا تأتي أمي على ذكره هو كيف حصل فقدُها الأول، الفقدُ الذي شكل فيما بعد إحدى أولى ذكريات طفولتي: عندما أُجبِرَ أفراد عائلتها على حزم أمتعتهم ووضعها فوق أسطح السيارات؛ متروكين على الحدود، مرحلين أو منفيين إلى جنوب العراق. أذكر وجوههم؛ نفسُ العناقات المتعرقة التي أخذتها معي إلى نيويورك؛ النساء ينُحن، والرجال صامتون، وقد أوصدت أبواب حيوات بأكملها في وجوههم. أخذوا مفاتيحهم تذكاراتٍ وتركوا الأبواب مشرعة وراءهم. كنت أقاطع نواحَهم أسأل أمي، لِماذا تبكون – ألن يعودوا؟ فقالت،<span> </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">نعم، سيرجعون.<span> </span></strong>وقالت خالتي،<span> </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">نعم، سنرجع</strong>، ولكنني لم أرهم بعد ذلك قط. كنتُ في الخامسة من عمري تقريباً، وكان لدي شعورٌ بأنها كذبة، لكني مجبرة على تصديق إجابتهم الوحيدة. واستمرّيت بالتصديق حتى نسيت أن أصدق. استمرّت أمي برثاء ذلك الرحيل. كل أغنية حب بالنسبة لها هي أغنية مهداة لعائلتها ولأمها، التي كانت امرأة صلفة لكنها رفيقتها الوحيدة. خبّأتُ تلك الذكرى في أكثر أركان وعيي عتمة. وكلما خطرت على بالي، ظهرَت مثل صورة: وجهان يبكيان، أمي وأختها، التطمينات الكاذبة. لا يسعني أن أجابه هذه الذكرى على ما هي عليه حقاً: عائلة بُتِرت إلى نصفين – أولئك الذين غادروا، وأولئك الذين تُرِكوا.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">تكرّر مشهد أساطيل السيارات المغادرة هذا لثلاث سنوات أخرى بعد حرب الخليج. يخرج الجيران خارج بيوتهم، يلوحون بأيديهم، يقترضون وداعات جديدة لتخليد وداعاتهم القديمة. أذكر اللحظات التي تلت مغادرتهم، عندما رجعت أمي إلى داخل بيت عائلتها الفارغ لكي تستكمل الوداع. لم تكف عن النواح والبكاء. لم تكترث بإرعابنا، فنحن أطفالها وشهودها الوحيدين. بكينا كلما بكَت، حتى ونحن نسألها عن سبب البكاء. أما هي فكانت تجوب الأطلال، هائمة من غرفة لغرفة. لم أرَ منزل عائلة أمي فارغاً من قبل، لا من الناس أو الأشياء. لم يكن جدي هناك يأخذ قيلولة؛ لم تكن جدتي تنز عرقاً وترتشف من شايها؛ ولم يتواجد خالي مع زوجتيه المتناحرتَين، ولا أبناؤهم يلعبون أو يتخانقون؛ وكان المطبخ خالياً من كل ضجة أو رائحة. صرنا المتروكين وراءً، وبات حزننا يحلّ محل الغائبين والغائبات.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">لم يصلنا خبرٌ من عائلة أمي لسنوات، فقد فرضَت الولايات المتحدة والكويت وحلفاؤهما عقوبات على العراق. مات العراقيون من الجوع وقلة الدواء. صار العراق كناية عن عائلة أمي؛ أيّ شيء يحدث<span> </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">هناك</strong><span> </span>كان شيئاً يحدث لهم. وقبل أن تدخل كاميرات الفيديو المنزلية الأسواق، كانت عائلة أمي ترسل تسجيلات صوتية على أشرطة الكاسيت، تصلنا عن طريق بريدٍ يرسله قريب ما عبر الأردن. يأتينا الصوت المُسجّل «سلام. أنا نجاة، أختكِ. شلونج حبيبتي؟ شلونكم؟ إن شاء الله بخير، «قبل أن يختنق الصوت بالدموع. «شلون فلان؟ وشلون فلانة؟ أمي بخير – حنا بخير – بس مشتاقيلكم والله.» تملأ الأكاذيب المساحات الفارغة من النص. تسمعُ أمي هذه الشرائط مراراً، كلّما احتاجت إلى البكاء. كنت أحسبها مازوخية، تهوى لكز جروحها. بعدها صارت تصلنا شرائط الفيديو: ها هُم، الهياكل العظمية العراقية، متشحة دوماً بالسواد، يغلبها التوتر أمام عدسة الكاميرا. ينظرون إلى الفراغ ويلقون السلام، ثم يسألون عن أحوال من يتذكرون، ويكتفون بالتعليق على سلامة حالهم. تنهمر دموعهم، يشيحون أنظارهم عن الكاميرا، يحدقون بالأرض، ويخبئون أعينهم ووجوههم. بعد سنوات طويلة، عندما صارت فيديوهات الرهائن الأمريكية تُعرض على التلفاز، انتابني إحساس مرعب بأنهم يشبهون أناساً رأيتهم من قبل. على الضفة الأخرى من أشرطة الفيديو، جلسنا نحن نتحدث إلى شاشة التلفاز؛ وكلما ظهر وجه جديد، قُلنا اسم صاحبه بصوتٍ عالٍ، توكيداً لتذكرنا إياه؛ وكلما بكي أحد منهم شاركناه البكاء، أو ربما بكينا قبله. كنا نراهم من خلال أحزاننا، نراهم يكبرون، وينحفون، ويفقدون ألقهم. بكينا على الوقت المبدد. نحيي ذكراهم، نحيي ذكرى وجودنا سوية، نحيي شوقاً لم يتحقق مناه.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">تعامل إخوتي مع رحلة لمّ شملنا في تبليسي باعتبارها إجازة. لم ألمهم، فأغلبهم لم يغادر الكويت من قبل. كنا نستيقظ كل صباح ونتناول الفطور، ثم نشرب القهوة السريعة أو شاي ليبتون، نتناوب على الحمام، لنخرج بعدئذ إلى المدينة القديمة، من دون وجهة محددة. لم تكن مشاوير التمشي جزءاً من ثقافتنا، نحن الذين أتينا من مدن البترول الحارة؛ حيث لا يجرؤ إلا أكثرنا فقراً على المشي في الحر الجاف. أما شوارع تبليسي فكانت باردة، فيها جاداتٌ طويلة ومحطات مترو الأنفاق، ولم تكن السيارات منتشرة فيها لدرجة تلوّث الهواء. جربنا الأكل الجورجيّ، ولكن طعمه كان بدائياً بالنسبة لنا – من دون لحمة أو بهارات كافية. لذلك داومنا على الأكل في المطاعم العربية أو الهندية، ولم نكف عن مقارنة الفروق بين هنا وهناك. زُرنا قلعة ناريكالا، وأخذنا الترامواي الهوائي، وقضينا الليالي على سفح تلة تطل على بحيرة اصطناعية، أو على بلكونة الشقة التي استأجرناها. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">كان إخوتي، في الساعات التي قضيناها سوية في الشقة، يتحلقون حولنا أنا وأمي. لم نتحدث عن حياتي في الولايات المتحدة إلا ما ندر. كأنما نتشارك اعتقاداً مفاده أنني أنا الراحلة والمختفية، وأن كل القصص التي تستحق السرد تتمحور عمّا حصل في غيابي. قصصٌ عن أولاد خالاتي أو أعمامي الذين تزوجوا، أو تطلقوا، وكم طفلاً من العائلة سيكبر من دون أن يعلم بوجودي. هناك قصص صديقاتُ أيام الثانوية، اللواتي واظبن على زيارة أمي في كل فترة وسؤالها عن حالي. على عكس أمي، صاحبة الواجب ومحبوبة الناس، قضيتُ أولى سنوات منفاي وأنا أحاول دفن الماضي. كان لدي تصوّر بأن الماضي سيثقل كاهلي، وأني لا أملك مساحة كافية لتحمله وتحمل حضور غياب عائلتي. تركت أحبتي وأصدقائي يختفون واحداً إثر الآخر، مرهقين كنا بفعل فارق التوقيت وسؤال عودتي المحتملة. تعذّبوا وهم يحاولون الفكاك مني، فأجبرتهم على ذلك عبر التخلي عنهم بنفسي. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">في أحاديثنا وذكرياتنا المتبادلة في تبليسي، أدركتُ كم تراكمت الغبرة على حياتي في الكويت، أو كما صغتُ الأمر في إحدى قصائدي، كيف تقف حياتي «في المنتصف كتمثال». لم أعرف كيف يمكن ربط ذلك الماضي بهذا الحاضر، وكيف أسمح له بالاستمرار في منفاي، وأحافظ عليه في نفس الوقت من أي تغيير. أدرك الآن أن هذه الفكرة، أو هذه المزقَة الحاصلة في الزمان والمكان والذاكرة واللغة، هي شعورٌ مشترك لدى المهاجرين الذين لا يستطيعون الاستمرار وحسب في مختلف أصقاعِ الجغرافيا. هؤلاء يعيدون خلق أنفسهم، متخلين عن ألسنتهم القديمة، يشكّلون في بعض الأحيان عائلاتٍ جديدة تماماً، بل وينزفون دماً جديداً أيضاً. مع ذلك كان من الواضح بالنسبة لي أن عائلتي اعتبرت حياتي في المنفى مسألة مؤقتة. كانوا بحاجة إلى تصديق مثل هذه الكذبة، وتخيّل عودةٍ تحدث في المستقبل البعيد. لم يتأثر إخوتي بفعل غيابي كما حصل مع أمي، فهم في صحبة بعضهم البعض، ولدى كل منهم شبابه والأصدقاء والمستقبل.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">أما أمّي، نجّارة الماضي، فوصفت غيابي بالبَتر. كنتُ كبرى أطفالها، وأولى التجارب في حياتها. وجودي ملأ الفراغ الذي خلفته أمها الغائبة. كنت علاوة على ذلك شاهدة على كل أفراحها وأتراحها. كان حبي لها شيئاً ضرورياً لبقائها، ودرعاً يقيها من فقدان عائلتها، ومن أبي. تعتقد أمي أن وجودي في العائلة يعادِل ميزان القوى بينها وبين أبي. والآن، صرتُ أنا كل ما طمحت لأن تكونه هي ولم يُسمح لها بتحقيقه – أي متعلّمة ومستقلة مادياً، امرأة لا يمتلكها رجل. في تبليسي، تحدثنا أنا وأمي لأول مرة عن مشهد نفي عائلتها. لخصت لها القصة بسرعة، برؤوس الأقلام، كما أفعل عادة مع الذكريات المؤلمة، لكني شعرتُ وكأنني قبضتُ على ذبابة تطير في الهواء. وكأنما أقول، ها هي! بعد كل هذه السنين، ها قد تمكنتُ من القبض عليها ووضعها على الطاولة أمام أمي، لأطرح السؤال: أيمكننا أن نتحدث عن هذا الحدث؟</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">لطالما تحدثت أمي عن رحيل عائلتها وغيابهم. دائماً وأبداً. ولكنها لم تأتِ على ذكر يوم مغادرتهم أو أيّ من تفاصيله. هناك تفاصيل قامت بدفنها؛ مثلاً، أنها أخذتنا مع أختَيها لالتقاط صورة جماعية لنا عند المصور، في الليلة السابقة على الرحيل، وأنني كنتُ هناك ولم أنسَ. أخبرتها كيف عاد إلي ذاك المشهد، بعدما قضيت بضعة سنوات في نيويورك، وكيف أن انفصال عائلتي لم يكن بالأمر الاستثنائي، بل أني بالأحرى أحافظ على تقليد عنهم. تحدثنا لساعات عن السنوات التي تلت حرب الخليج، عن كل الموتى الذين لم تستطع حضور جنازاتهم، وعن الترحيلات الجماعية التي حصلت بحق البدون، والتي جعلتها تظن أن ألمها ليس ألماً فردياً أو مميزاً، وأنه لا يعدو كونه تحصيل حاصل، أو حدثاً تاريخياً مؤسفاً. قد يعترينا الغضب حالما نتوقف عن التفكير بهذه الطريقة، والغضبُ ليس شيئاً بوسع الخائفين الخوض فيه.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">بعد ثلاث سنوات من وصولي إلى بلدي الجديد، حصلت أخيراً على مقابلة اللجوء. ولأنني كنت ما أزال جاهلة بجغرافيا الولايات المتحدة، أو ربما مرعوبة من ضحك القدر عليّ، قررت النوم في غرفة في نزل قريب من مكتب الهجرة، بدلاً من أن آخذ باص الصباح من المحطة الرئيسية في مانهاتن إلى تلك البلدة الواقعة في نيوجيرسي، والتي تبعد مسافة ثلاثين دقيقة فحسب. مشيتُ من النزل وإلى مكتب الهجرة، على حافة طريق سريع، وكلي أمل أن أحصل على كوب قهوة في مكان ما، قبل أن ألتقي بالشخص الذي سيحدد مسار حياتي وبمحامٍ لم أقابله إلا على الهاتف. قبل الوصول إلى المدخل، ينبغي عليك اجتياز موقف سيارات أوسعَ مساحة مما قد يحتاجه كل موظفي المكتب وزوّاره. رواقُ المدخل نظيف وبرّاق، بفضل أشباح عمّال النظافة، والإنارة بيضاء وقوية، وكأنما تكشف عن حقيقتنا. خرجت من المصعد وأنا خائفة من كوني قد ارتكبت خطأ ما، أنني قد نسيت ورقة أو فوتُّ خطوة أو توجيهاً ما. فحصَنا الشرطيّ جميعاً، مبدياً استعداده لاحتجازنا، وتحدث معنا بإنكليزية بطيئة جداً:<span> </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">يرجى، ترك، الهاتف، في، الصندوق، مفهوم؟</strong><span> </span>وهو يعلكُ علكته.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">وجدنا أنفسنا في جزيرة من الكراسي تحيط بها المكاتب والفواصل الجدارية. لم تكن أيّ من النوافذ الزجاجية مفتوحة لكي تكشف عمّا ينتظرنا في الجهة الأخرى. لاحظتُ أنني أنا ورجلٌ سوري مسن كنا الوحيدَين اللذَين ليسا قبطيين من مصر. محاميّ، أيضاً، كان قبطياً من مصر – فنيوجيرسي في آخر الأمر حارة من حارات القاهرة.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">خلال ساعتَي الانتظار، راجعتُ قصة حياتي في رأسي، مراراً وتكراراً، وكأنها حياة شخصٍ آخر، أو كأنني قد أخلط بينها وبين حياة الشخص الجالس صوبي. فاحَت منا رائحة الخوف والشك والتعب. صوبت نظراتي إلى بورتريه باراك أوباما بين الحين والآخر، وهو محاط بموظفي الأمن الطليان والإيرلنديين. ما زلت أذكر وجه موظفة اللجوء التي قابلتني، بشعرها الأشقر الطويل، ومظهرها الذي يذكّر المرء بنسوة الضواحي العالقات في حقبة الثمانينات، ومكتبها المليء بمجسمات ولادة المسيح. هل كان القصد من هذه المجسمات بث الراحة في نفوس الأقباط أم إخافة المسلمين؟ ذاك سؤال لم أجد إجابة له. انقضت ساعتان من الأسئلة والأجوبة، والموظفة تطبعُ على كومبيوتر قديم أغلب الوقت. بعد انتهاء المقابلة، استعدتُ موبايلي، وأخرجت سيكارة وأنا في المصعد الذي سيعيدني إلى كوكب الأرض. دخّنت بأصابع مرتجفة، شاقة طريقي عبر صحراء مواقف السيارات.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">كان عليّ، بصفتي لاجئة، أن أدرّب نفسي على الترقب بحكمة، وألّا أدع الآمال تحكمني – سواء عند فتح البريد، أو عند الاتصال بمكتب اللجوء، أو عندما يتوجب عليّ شرح موقفي وسبب وجودي. بعد كل محاولة، كان شرحي يزداد اقتضاباً. إن إغفال التفاصيل يتطلب كبحاً للذات، لكنه يوفّر عناء تحوّلك إلى شيء يلوكه الفضوليون والقلقون. مرة اقترحَ علي أحدهم أن نرسل عريضة إلى عضو كونغرس لطلب المساعدة. وقال لي، بغرض التشجيع: «احتجنا ذات مرة لأن نقوم بإزالة شجرة من زاوية إحدى الشوارع، ولم يستجب أحد إلى مطلبنا، فذهبنا إلى مكتب رجل الكونغرس، وكان هناك عددٌ كافٍ منا، مما اضطره إلى إزالة الشجرة...».</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">قبل المقابلة تلك، كنت قد غيّرت عنواني سبع مرات. قضيتُ أول شهرٍ لي في شمال ولاية نيويورك، في بلدة ريفية عشتُ فيها بصحبة لاجئين عراقيين وبوسنيين وأكراد، ثم ضربها إعصار مداريّ . لم يكن لدي ما أخسره لحسن الحظ. من نافذتي، شاهدتُ البيوت الخشبية وهي تطفو في مجرى النهر، وتتجه على الأغلب إلى المحيط الأطلسي، حيث تروح كل الأشياء لتموت. استمريت بالانتقال، وكلي أمل بأن أجد مكاناً أستطيع أن أراكم فيه الكراسي والقصائد والصور. ومع كل نقلة، كان عليّ أن أقدّم طلب «تغيير عنوان» إلى مكتب اللجوء؛ ومع كل تحديث، كنت أقترف فعل الترقب، بأن أُمنح صفة اللجوء. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">رسالة منح اللجوء تحتوي دوماً – حتى بعد وصولها المستحيل – على رفض لحياتك الماضية، ولتجاربك وتوقعاتك، ولكل ما حصل معك في طريقك إلى مركز اللجوء. قضيتُ الوقت أقرأ قوانين اللجوء، أتصفح مئات الأسئلة على المنتديات التي يكتب فيها المستخدمون المهجّرون، محتارين بين أرقام الطلب ودقائق الانتظار على الخط التي تجاوزت الأربعين، قبل أن نتحصل على شروحٍ بإنكليزية لا نفهمها. قضيتُ ليالٍ أقرأ عن البرامج التي تم إنشاؤها لمساعدة «اللاجئين والسكان من ذوي الفئات الخاصة<span> </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">على إعادة بدء<span> </span></strong>حياتهم في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.» وفهمتُ أن المتوقع مني هو أن أقطع صلتي بذاتي الماضية. كانت حياتي «بالانتظار» لأربع سنوات في أمريكا، إلى أن تم السماح لي<span> </span><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit;">بأن أعيد بدأها<span> </span></strong>حالما وصلتني رسالة منح اللجوء بالبريد.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">شعرتُ حتى وصول تلك الرسالة، وكأنني عالقة في مساحة انتقالية تخصّ مطاراً أو مستشفى أو غرفة طوارئ. ورغم أن جسدي كان هناك، إلا أن وصوله لم يُحسم أو يكتمل، لأن المرء لا يصل إلى وجهته. نعم، قد تصل يوماً ما، ولكنك سوف تقضي الوقت جالساً هناك، على مقعد خشبي بارد، تحاول أن تمارس الحياة إلى أن يمرّ قدر كاف من الزمن، ويظهر رقمك ويُؤذن لك بتسليم جسدك لهم، كي تعيد البدء، كي تستأنف العيش حيثما توقفت.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.625; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">* نشرت المقالة على موقع <a href="https://www.aljumhuriya.net/ar/content/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D9%89">الجمهورية</a>. </p></div></div></div><div class="media media-element-container media-colorbox media-wysiwyg-align-center" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Symbio, serif; font-size: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><div class="file file-image file-image-jpeg" id="file-9437" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-59865900667377973992021-11-01T11:27:00.003-07:002022-01-13T11:39:30.306-08:00Mapping Exile: A Writer’s Story of Growing Up Stateless in Post-Gulf War Kuwait<p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Sitting on a green couch in what is now a bedbug-infested Brooklyn apartment, I suddenly realized that my flight to meet my family for the first time in five years was actually tonight, not tomorrow; 12:30 am, not 12:30 pm. I had planned to wake up early in the morning, make two cups of coffee, and pack a small bag with the few gifts I managed to buy last minute for my siblings. I thought I had more hours to sit with my heavy feeling, which I assumed to be a mix of excitement and longing, but which was rather a combination of wariness and fear, of things going wrong, of encounters no one can prepare for.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">In front of the couch, there was a round coffee table, which I circled around in panic, not sure if I could make it to JFK on time, to Kiev on time, to Tbilisi on time. For months, my sister and I had saved and borrowed so we could have this one-week reunion trip in a country we knew nothing about. A few months after my arrival in the United States, the Kuwaitis had denied my application for passport renewal, subsequently making me an asylee. My family’s attempts to get US visas were repeatedly denied, so we began to make different plans. We called embassies every morning, in the United States and in Kuwait. I asked, “Do you accept a US refugee travel document? How long to issue a visa?” while they asked, “Do you accept a stateless travel document? How long to issue a visa?” The mutually closest country was Georgia, a place Arabs have come to discover in the past few years, this time not as conquerors, but as refugees in transit, hoping to infiltrate Europe from her eastern side.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">I left Kuwait in August 2011, really the best time to leave Kuwait, when it was 120 degrees Fahrenheit. I knew I would be unlikely to return anytime soon. My dream of leaving the country was as old as my body. Fascinated with the possibility of other places, I was also dulled by my place of birth, but most of all I was tired of being stateless, tired of a state younger than my father telling me I didn’t belong or I wasn’t native enough. On airplanes, I never sleep, nor on buses; something about the presence of others unsettles my rest. I killed the hours making final touches on a translation project commissioned by a white woman who tried to not pay me since she was giving me “exposure to the American literary scene.” A white woman with barely any name, I should say. I began to take interest in my seat neighbors, a mother with three children, after hearing their Arabic. We asked each other the question we tend to ask before getting each other’s names. Her son, born in Bay Ridge, said, “We’re Palestinian.”</p><div class="code-block code-block-16" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-b1j-ro6-b9" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Arriving in Kiev, the Palestinians and I got thoroughly searched, the 12-year-old kid, slick again, making jokes about “Us,” that it’s only Us who are made to hold the lines back, who make the crowds huff in frustration. From me, the Ukrainians took small scissors and a tweezer my hairy eyebrows were in dire need of. I grew frustrated and sarcastic, answering every question with a question—<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I don’t know… because… you know… why… do I have to?</em> These are the coping mechanisms I’ve acquired airport to airport, as a substitute to smiling at those who search and humiliate you. My attitude surprises them, often makes them resort to getting their own managers to deal with a woman who speaks like a bossy American but is not one. Today, like other days, I refused to answer why I was stateless or why I had this refugee travel document. I wore the fuck-it-up attitude and thought to myself, <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Even the Ukrainians</em><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</em> The year before, Russia had invaded Ukraine, so you’d think they would have had better shit to worry about. I asked that we take a picture together, the Palestinians and I. The mother volunteered as photographer, her kids and I posing and throwing hand signs we couldn’t decode.<span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><div class="code-block code-block-21" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-or3-eic-b7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">My family is less experienced with airports, and the five of them plus my mother was a big task for my sister to manage. They arrived at the airport five hours ahead of the trip, unlike me. They were excited to see me but also to get the fuck out for a second. They fed their excitement with coffee and chocolate and unhealthy snacks. My father, disabled and constantly under threat of losing his job, decided to stay back with my brother. I felt as if my father was too terrified of such an encounter, of seeing me after so many years, or perhaps selflessly did not want to burden us with his mobility issues. He said, “Next time, inshallah,” and I nodded on the other end of the phone.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">In Tbilisi, I arrived a day ahead, just in case, to double-check the place I’d rented, to double-check if I needed to arrange their transportation or buy groceries or a tea kettle. Little did I know that this Soviet country had nothing to do with English, and perhaps just a tiny bit more to do with Arabic. I relied on hand gestures and shoving the Google maps in someone’s face: “This how? This where?” My mother packed her clothes with my sisters’ and used her own bag to pack the essential ingredients for all my favorite dishes. Each day of that one week we spent in Tbilisi, my mother made a new meal for me. Sometimes I wondered if her cooking was ever any good or if she was slacking with age. As I finished my plate, she’d ask me what she should make tomorrow, and I would have to answer, to prove that I still remembered, that I was still longing for her food.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">During our reunion, our week together but still not whole, my family recognized my loneliness and anxiety, what it had done to me, how it interrupted our time, how I could not sleep in their presence. I am the oldest daughter of seven, who, for a long time, slept on the same floor next to my siblings, and sometimes was the one brave enough to suggest that we stick close to each other, covered under one blanket, to watch the TV on mute past midnight, on a school night, as our parents slept. At the end of the trip, my brother addressed me: “Don’t let the foreigners have you forget yourself…. Always working, working, working….”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">“What is <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bidun</em>?” is a question that I will always struggle to answer—how to define someone by negation. Stateless persons and communities in the Gulf have varied stories and travels, but they were all made stateless by the violence of nation-state building. In the sixties, my illiterate grandfather was recruited by the British to work in the oil fields, before he was replaced by cheaper labor and found himself in the midst of urban life, making coffee and tea in the cafeterias of brand-new bureaucratic offices. Up until the second Gulf War, being Bidun was not so terrible. You had access to education, healthcare, employment, and “special passports,” basic rights that my father’s generation were the only ones to enjoy. After the war, the Bidun, as well as Palestinians and Iraqis, were considered the new enemy, called mercenaries and co-conspirators by the Kuwaiti state, and exiled en masse. Following the war, the numbers of Bidun in Kuwait dropped by half, from 250,000 to 125,000, in a country that, at the time, barely had a population of two million residents.</p><div class="code-block code-block-21" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-or3-eic-b8" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><div class="code-block code-block-16" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-b1j-ro6-b11" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">My generation was the one to grow up in an environment of fear and stigmatization, instructed to camouflage, to watch out for any words that might not sound <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">authentic</em> to Kuwait. It was a taboo to speak of being Bidun, until we began to mobilize in 2011. For the past three decades, the Bidun have had their records falsified by the government, their tribal names taken off so as to erase their lineage and connections, their documents labelled “special” and printed on brightly colored, poor-quality paper, so when you pull out your special ID, you are easily identifiable by whatever state-eye is watching you. We have been systematically denied access to higher education, healthcare, formal employment, marriage contracts, and legal representation, to name a few prohibitions. The so-called Article 17 passport, the special travel document needed by Bidun to cross borders, is granted on a case-by-case basis, to perform hajj or to seek treatment abroad. Like many Arabs, the Bidun have had to get creative with passports and visas, in hopes of reaching Western heavens. On the biographical page of the passport, the nationality category reads <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Undefined</em>. Today, the largest groups of Bidun abroad are located in Canada and the UK. The stories of cousins, neighbors, friends imprisoned for attempting to cross borders have become the norm in Georgia, Morocco, Turkey, even Mexico; we are deported back to Kuwait, then locked up for illegal entry or exit.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">My dreams of leaving Kuwait intensified after I heard of an uncle who made it to Denmark, after having survived Kuwaiti torture basements set up in the days following the Gulf War. He was exiled to what soon became Iraq-under-sanctions, and years later made his way to Copenhagen through a miraculous journey only Iraqis know how to take. I located Denmark on the map, at the very northern tip of the planet, where the distance felt exciting and impossible. I told my siblings about the plan, told them that over there, you can call 911 on your parents when they beat you, and that was all they needed to hear to buy in. In the early 2000s, the government had allowed a black market of passports and immigration to flourish. Advertisements in newspapers announced, “Eritrean, Albanian, Dominican, Bolivian passports for sale. Clean and official. Call 765–4321.” Next to these were the immigration ads announcing, “We help you get to Australia: free education, free healthcare—start a new life today!” or “Come to Canada, your new home.” They used all the key words we were looking for—basic rights and a home. Everything seemed one phone call away. There were white people with fake offices offering consultations for $150 per visit. There was no way we would suspect a white man; according to the movies, they’re the saviors, and we wanted to be saved. Two of them sat behind a big desk, whispering to each other like our life depended on it. It took three consultations to arrive at the final determination: “You we might take, but your family: not possible.” My family gave up on the prospects of immigration, but I never did. Many years after, I left Kuwait on a student visa, having been accepted into a graduate program in upstate New York.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">My mother remembers my departure in slow motion, full of details. I remember it in bullet points, an abrupt summary. She remembers the wet hugs, the turn-backs after each gate; she remembers who was there and who wasn’t. She had all the time to dwell on the memories; she has mastered the role of the left-behind. It is as if the pain itself is all we have to hold onto after a loved one has gone; without it, you cannot summon them into your life, across the vastness of place and time. Every phone call, she would say, “You left me like my mother left me before; now I know what the pain feels like from both sides.”</p><div class="code-block code-block-16" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-b1j-ro6-b12" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="code-block code-block-21" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-or3-eic-b9" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">What my mother fails to mention is how her first loss occurred, a loss that formed my earliest childhood memories: when her family was forced to pack their homes on top of cars and then were left at the border, deported to southern Iraq. Exiled. I remember their faces, the same sweaty hugs I took away with me to New York, the women wailing, the men silent, locked out of an entire life. They took the keys as souvenirs and left the doors open behind. I kept on interrupting their wailing, asked my mother why everyone was crying— weren’t they coming back? She said<span> </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: italic; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yes, they will</em>. My aunt said<span> </span><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: italic; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yes, we will</em>, but I never did see them again. I was probably five years old, and I had a feeling it was a lie, but I was obligated to believe what was offered. I kept on believing it until I forgot about believing it. My mother has continued to eulogize that departure. Every love song is an ode to her family, to her mother, who was a tough woman yet her only friend. I hid that memory in the darkest basement of my consciousness. Whenever it comes to mind, it appears only as a picture: two crying faces, my mother and her sister, the false assurances. I can’t allow myself to call it what it is, a family broken into two halves—those who left and those left behind.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">The scene of car fleets driven away recurred for three years following the Gulf War. The neighbors would step outside, wave away, borrow new goodbyes to commemorate their old ones. I remember the moments after they left and my mother walked back into her family’s empty house to continue her goodbyes. She did not refrain from wailing and crying. She was not worried about frightening us; we were her kids, we were her only witnesses. We cried anytime she cried, as we asked her why she was crying. From room to room, she said her goodbyes. I had never seen their home empty, of people or things. My grandfather wasn’t there taking another nap, my grandmother wasn’t sweating and sipping on her tea, my uncle and his two wives weren’t plotting against each other, their kids weren’t playing or feuding, the kitchen was empty of all noise and scents. We were the left-behind, our grief filling in for the absent ones.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">For years, we heard nothing of my mother’s family. The United States, Kuwait, and their allies had enforced sanctions on Iraq. Iraqis were dying of starvation and lack of medication without anyone to witness it. Iraq became a metaphor for them; anything happening <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">there</em> was happening to them. Before home video cameras started to make their way in, they sent us cassette tapes of their voices, delivered by someone heading to Jordan who would then mail them to Kuwait. “Salam. This is Najat, your sister. How are you, my love? How are you all? Inshallah, you are in good health,” the voice would say and quickly break into tears. “How is x? How is y? My mother is good—we are all good—we just miss you.” The lies fill the empty spaces in the transcript. My mother would listen to these cassettes repeatedly, whenever she needed a cry. I thought of her as a masochist, constantly poking at the wound. Then the VHS tapes would arrive, and—here they are, the Iraqi skeletons, always dressed in black, nervous in front of the camera. They look into the void and say their salutes and ask about each one they remember, make a casual statement about their well-being, then break into tears, look away from the camera, look down, hide their eyes, their faces. Years later, when videos of American hostages came on TV, I had an unnerving feeling that they resembled people I had seen before. At the receiving end of the VHS tapes, we talked back to the TV screen: when a new face appeared, we said their name out loud, asserting we still remembered; we cried as they cried, or before. We viewed them through our sadness; we saw them get older, get thinner, lose a spark. We cried against the time wasted away. We commemorated them, we commemorated us together, we commemorated a longing unrealized.</p><div class="code-block code-block-16" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-b1j-ro6-b13" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">In Tbilisi, my siblings treated the reunion trip as a vacation. I can’t blame them; most had never before left Kuwait. Every morning, we woke up, ate breakfast, drank instant coffee or Lipton tea, took turns for the shower, then headed out to the old city with no specific destination. Coming from the flaming oil cities, strolling is not a part of the culture; only the poorest among us would dare walk in the dry heat. The streets of Tbilisi were cool, with long boulevards and tunneled metro stations, the cars not so many as to contaminate the air. We gave Georgian food a try, but it felt too basic—not enough meat or spices. We stuck with the Arab and Indian restaurants, always comparing the alterations between home and there. We visited the Narikala Fortress, took the Aerial Tramway, and spent nights on the cliff of a hill overlooking an artificial lake, or on the balcony of the rental apartment.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;"></p><div class="code-block code-block-21" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-or3-eic-b10" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p></p><p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">In the hours we spent together at home, my siblings would gather around me and my mother. Rarely did I speak about my life in the United States. We seemed to share a belief that I was the one gone and missing, and therefore all the stories revolved around what had happened while I was not home. They were about the cousins who had gotten married, who had divorced, and how many babies in the family would grow up not knowing of my existence. There were also my high school friends who would visit my mother occasionally and ask her about me. Unlike my mother—a “people person,” as they say—I spent my first years in exile attempting to bury the past. I had a theory that the past would only burden me, and that there was barely enough space to carry along the absent presence of my family. I let my ex-lovers and my friends drop one by one, each of us exhausted by time difference and the violent question of my possible return. They struggled to let go of me, and so I wanted to force them to by letting go of them myself.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">In our conversations and reminiscing in Tbilisi, I realized how my life in Kuwait accumulated dust or, as I wrote once in a poem, how I was “standing in the middle like a statue.” I did not know how to mend that past seamlessly with the present, how to allow it to continue into my exile while simultaneously shielding it from any alterations. I realize that this notion, this rupture of time-place-memory-language, is a shared art among immigrants, who cannot simply carry on across geography. They resurrect themselves, shed their tongues, sometimes even assemble whole new families, drip new blood. Yet it was clear to me that my family viewed my exile as something temporary. They needed to believe such a lie, to imagine a return in the far future. My siblings were not as altered by my absence as my mother was. They have each other, after all; they have their friends and youth and futures ahead.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">But my mother, a carpenter of the past, often describes my absence as an amputation. I was her first child, her first everything. My presence filled in for her absent mother, and most of all, I was a witness to all her torments and joys. My deep love for my mother was essential to her survival, a bulwark against her loss of family, and against my father. She believed that my presence in the family balanced out the power relations with my father, who’s easily patriarchal and domineering, more so with her than with us. And now, to her, I am everything that she wanted but was not allowed to be—educated, financially independent, not owned by a man. In Tbilisi, my mother and I spoke for the first time about the scene of her family’s expulsion. I told the story very quickly, in the manner of bullet points, as I seem to do with painful memories, and felt as if I had caught a fly in the air. <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gotcha</em>, I seemed to say. After all these years, I was finally able to catch it and lay it on the table before my mother, to ask: Can we talk about this?</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">It is not like my mother ever stopped talking about her family’s departure, their absence. She always did. But never about the day they left, the specifics of it. There were details she had buried away, like the fact that she took us and her two sisters to take a picture at the studio the night before they left, or the fact that I was there and never forgot. I told her how, after a couple of years in New York, that scene resurfaced, how I realized that I am not exceptional in my family separation—rather, I am only keeping a tradition. We talked for hours about all the years following the Gulf War, about all the dead whose funerals she could not attend, about how the mass deportations of the Bidun made her think that her pain was not singular, that it was nothing but a political eventuality, an unfortunate historical event. Once we think otherwise, we might become angry, and anger is not something the fearful can afford.</p><div class="code-block code-block-16" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-b1j-ro6-b15" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">Three years after my arrival in my new home, I was finally given an asylum interview. Still ignorant of US geography, or perhaps just terrified of being tricked by bad fate, I slept at a motel room near the immigration office, instead of taking an early bus from Port Authority to this New Jersey town only thirty minutes away. A city kid, I walked from the motel to the immigration office, on the verge of a highway, hoping for a cup of coffee somewhere before meeting the person who was to decide my life and a lawyer whom I’d only met over the phone. Before reaching the gate, you first cross a vast parking lot, too spacious for the small number of employees and applicants accommodated. The entrance corridor is all clean and sparkling, thanks to some ghost worker, the lights white and strong, as if to expose our truths. I stepped off the elevator, already scared that I might’ve fucked up, forgot some paper, skipped some step or instruction. The policeman searched all of us, ready to hold us captives, spoke to us in very slow English: <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">You, leave, phone, in, box, understand?</em> Chewing away on his gum.</p><div class="code-block code-block-21" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-or3-eic-b11" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">We found ourselves in an island of chairs surrounded by offices and partitions. None of the glass windows were open to reveal something of what awaited us on the other side. I found out that an old Syrian man and myself were the only ones there that day who were not Egyptian Copts. My lawyer, too, was an Egyptian Copt—New Jersey being, after all, a suburb of Cairo.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">During the two hours of waiting, I rehearsed my life in my head, over and over, as if it were somebody else’s, like I might fuck up and mix mine with that of the person next to me. We stank of fear, doubt, and wariness. I glanced at the portrait of Barack Obama every now and then, besieged by Italian and Irish security officers. I still remember the face of my asylum officer, her very long blondish hair, her aesthetic that of a suburban woman stuck in the 1980s, with an office full of nativity sets. Whether these were meant to comfort the Copts or intimidate the <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Muzlimz</em>, I couldn’t tell. Two hours of questions and answers went by, with her mostly typing on the old computer. I did not want to use the bathroom there. After the interview, I got my phone back, pulled a cigarette out while on the elevator back to planet Earth, and smoked with fingers shaking, making my way across the postindustrial desert.</p><div class="code-block code-block-16" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-b1j-ro6-b16" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">As an asylee, I had to train myself to anticipate wisely, to never let my hopes rule over me—when opening the mail, when calling the asylum office, when having to explain why I was in this situation. At every attempt, my explanation got shorter. Omitting the details requires repression, but it can also spare you the trouble of becoming a mere subject for the curious and concerned. Someone once suggested that we petition a congressman for help. Hoping to encourage me, he said, “One time, we needed to have a tree removed from the street corner and no one was responding to our request, so we went to the congressman’s office, and there were enough of us, so finally he had them remove the tree….”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">Before the interview, I changed my address seven times. My first month in upstate New York, the rural town where I lived alongside Kurdish, Iraqi, and Bosnian refugees was hit by Tropical Storm Lee. Luckily, I did not have much to lose at the time. From my window, I watched wooden homes drifting with the river stream, probably toward the Atlantic Ocean, where all things go to die. I kept on moving, in hopes of finding a place that I might populate with chairs, poems, and photographs. With every move, I had to submit a new “change of address” form to the asylum office, and with every update, I was committing an act of anticipation, to be granted asylum.</p><div class="code-block code-block-21" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-or3-eic-b12" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">An asylum letter always contains rejection—even after its impossible arrival—of your past life, of your experiences and expectations, of whatever had occurred on your way to the asylum center. I passed time reading about asylum laws, browsing through hundreds of inquiries on online forums written by displaced users, confused between application numbers and forty-plus minutes of holding on the line to be given explanations in an English we don’t know. I spent my anxious nights reading about the programs made to help “asylees and other special populations <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">restart</em> their lives in the United States.” I understood that I was expected to become unrelated to my past being. My life was “lagging” for four years in America, until it was finally allowed to <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">restart</em> when the asylum acceptance letter arrived in the mail.</p><div class="code-block code-block-16" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: minion-pro, serif; margin: 15px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="pubg-b1j-ro6-b17" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;">Until that letter came in, I felt as if stuck in the transit space of an airport or a hospital emergency room. Though the body is there, arrival is neither resolved nor completed, because one is never at a destination. Yes, you might one day arrive, but for now you are merely sitting there, on a cold wooden bench, trying to do life until enough waiting has passed, until your number comes up and it tells you to turn in your body to them, to reboot, to restart where you left off.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: adobe-caslon-pro, serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><i>* <span style="text-align: center;">This essay was published</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><span style="text-align: center;">in Issue 22 of</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.thecommononline.org/issues/issue-22/">The Common</a></span><span style="text-align: center;"> and republished on <a href="https://lithub.com/mapping-exile-a-writers-story-of-growing-up-stateless-in-post-gulf-war-kuwait/">LitHub</a>.</span></i></p>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-50292008971245216752021-07-19T10:14:00.004-07:002021-07-19T10:14:54.851-07:00THE ROOM OF ESCAPE & LEISURE<p>The lights are always on </p><p>in the room of escape & leisure.</p><p>If you're passing by, you might mistake it </p><p>for the dim glow of a falling miracle.</p><p><br /></p><p>On its wall, a woman with her baby</p><p>and goat sit still on their knees</p><p>looking up towards the sky </p><p>painted in watercolors. They pray </p><p>in a cracked moment, as a spaceship</p><p>flies fired into freedom. A prayer </p><p>for modernity without the wet eyes </p><p>of a naive monk.</p><p><br /></p><p>Even on the far corner, there are rosaries</p><p>hung for urgent use. In the room </p><p>of escape & leisure, there is no God</p><p>but there are believers– 6 shelves,</p><p>3 stands, & 4 stacks of butterflies</p><p>roaming around. Careful not to dance</p><p><br /></p><p>too heavy, the landlord will put</p><p>the miracle to flames.</p><p></p><p> </p><div>* Published in <a href="https://shop.exacteditions.com/us/fence">FENCE</a> magazine</div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-23327001864253459052021-06-15T14:24:00.003-07:002021-06-15T14:24:42.422-07:00Bidoon: A Cause and Its Literature Are Born<p><i> <span face="dinweb, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">In a brilliant and personal essay on the history of Bidoon literature, Mona Kareem shows why literature cannot be thought along national lines.</span></i></p><div><strong style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">Translation</span></em></strong><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US"> <strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">from Arabic</strong>: <strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">Alice Guthrie</strong></span></em></div><div><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: dinweb, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 1.7em;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: small;" xml:lang="EN-US">1.</span></span></span></span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">Here we are in exile once again. We’re not the first Arab generation to cast itself into the labyrinth, and we won’t be the last. Sometimes they call us migrants or refugees; at other times they call us marginalized—then they invite us to talk, from the margin, about the margin: “How’s the weather over there on the margin?” They put us in anthologies that no one will read but the mummies in Middle East Studies, and they consider our poems and novels as documentaries, or treat them as confessions from the dark end of the tunnel. Perhaps there might be a little progress, consisting of a hyphen, tantamount to a mist-shrouded bridge, being placed between our identity and theirs: “Arab-American.” It’s a bridge not intended for crossing, one they take it upon themselves to guard; someday they’ll erect an electric fence on it.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">I’ve spent ten years in the USA now. I haven’t obtained nationality yet, so I still travel on a twelve-month refugee passport, each annual renewal taking three months on the grounds that travel is a luxury. I am referred to, without hesitation, as an “Arab-American” writer; I don’t know when exactly this transformation occurred, shifting my classification from “exiled Arab” to “Arab-American.”</span></span></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">By contrast, I was born in Kuwait and raised there until the age of twenty-two, by which time I had already published two poetry collections and worked for five years for local newspapers. In fact there was hardly a field I hadn’t dabbled in, from acting to theater criticism to literary translation to political organizing—feminism, workers’ rights, and the Bidoon cause.<span style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.boell.de/en/2021/06/02/bidoon-geburt-einer-literatur-und-eines-politischen-anliegens?dimension1=division_mena#_ftn1" id="_ftnref1" name="_ftnref1" style="background-color: transparent; box-shadow: rgb(200, 228, 128) 0px -0.2em inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background 0.3s ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease-in 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> I also played violin, oud, and piano, and if my voice hadn’t been thin and ugly, you would even have found me singing in the shopping malls and on the polluted beaches of the Gulf. I lived large during a short life, succeeded and failed and grew, all of it without a denotation or a classification to my name.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">In 2011, after the Bidoon movement was born in the streets, there came to be something known as “Bidoon literature.” Prior to that, “Kuwaiti literature” anthologies and encyclopedias had ignored our very existence, their raison d’être being to shore up the idea that Kuwaitis actually <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">had</em> such a thing as a literature—and that by extension they also had a nation, a history, and a state. They excluded us Bidoon from the Kuwaiti Writers’ Association and from all public benefit associations. Although these are supposed to be more democratic than the state, they are in reality even more reactionary, grim, and racist than the state is. We would chat with our migrant comrades—the Egyptians, Syrians, Palestinians, and other Arabs wandering lost in petroland—and make friends with them in the knowledge that all of us existed on the margin, the margin of here and the margin of there, without knowing how to create anything out of this margin—a geography of our very own, say, or at least a space based on something other than His Lordship Mr. Citizen. “Bidoon literature” would never have been born without the birth of the Bidoon movement. Every political cause has an innate need for literature, for culture, to voice the suffering of a people and recount their progress towards their collective aspirations. Someone’s profile would be defined by the single vague line “born in Kuwait,” with the phrase “a Bidoon poet” deleted by the editor, because how can anyone be defined by a negation?<span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: dinweb, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 1.7em;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: small;" xml:lang="EN-US">2.</span></span></span></span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">If we go back to the history of literature prior to the nation-state, which first arose in Europe, we can observe how literatures were originally classified according to language, not geography. Some authors also wrote in more than one language, or were at least fluent in another language in addition to their mother tongue. This was equally likely to be the case whether they were in the East or the West. Today, that world sounds like a fairytale. There were some early attempts in modern literature—especially by the surrealist movement—to make internationalism the goal of the literary community, but they all met with failure. Even Arabic literature, the far-flung reaches of whose vast locality were always accessible to each other—and to the minorities whose people write in this language—has now been dismembered along state or regional lines. Indeed, modern literature is moving in the opposite direction to internationalism, towards the minority and the community, with community being defined by a single point: the issue that brings it together.</span></span></span></span></span> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">Bidoon literature did not come into existence simultaneously with the Bidoon movement, after the revolutions. Rather, the first published text by a Bidoon writer was by Sulaiman al-Fulaih, in the 1970s—a decade after the independence of the state and the birth of the community. Al-Fulaih was later forced to migrate to Saudi Arabia, where he worked for years in local newspapers and continued publishing his work. However, he remained a stranger to the literary scene there, staying close to his original one instead; so it seems that one’s Bidoonism does not end with merely obtaining nationality, or changing one’s place of residence. During the 1990s the Bidoon dominated the poetry scene in Kuwait. By virtue of being banned from studying or teaching in universities as well as from public-sector employment, most Bidoon worked in the Kuwaiti press. They co-edited the cultural pages with Arab migrants, organizing literary events and seminars and then writing about them, or writing pieces sparked by them, in the press.</span></span></span></span></span> </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">The Bidoon literati did not think of themselves as constituting a distinct group within a literary community of foreigners in a country whose cultural sector had collapsed in the wake of the Gulf War. They simply considered themselves individuals on the margin, so there were no attempts to present Bidoon writing as necessary or urgent. Most of them found a comfortable space for themselves in poetry—where it was comparatively less dangerous to write about identity and belonging and pillaging. Some critics traced the Bidoon preference for poetry over prose narration back to their Bedouin culture, which would be a reasonable enough interpretation if it wasn’t for its narrow horizons. The funny thing is that poetry was not actually ever safe as far as the Bidoon were concerned: all of us have always heard about visits by state security to poets’ homes, or decisions to fire Bidoon from the Kuwaiti press. Fahd Aafat is perhaps the most famous example of this, given that he disappeared into the prison system for a while on account of a poem that was interpreted as satirizing the Kuwaiti Emir, before later reappearing as a migrant in Saudi Arabia and the UAE.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">Usage of the term “Bidoon literature” has increased in the last decade, with a growing interest in the cause on the part of new academics, whether from Kuwait or in the West. The new Arabic and global exodus towards the novel has also had an influence on Bidoon books. Naser al-Zafiri, who migrated to Canada in the 1990s and died there two years ago, is the author of the novel cycle <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Al-Jahra's Trilogy</em>. The trilogy attempts to recount the history of a community transitioning from life in the desert to the <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">ashish</em>, the popular housing projects in which the community was concentrated, progressing through the story of their lives in the petrol cities. It fluctuates between the shock of modernity and the aspirations of a Bidoon generation raised in a growing pluralistic society that was not as excluding as it seems to be nowadays.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">We find that pivotal period in the life of the Bidoon appearing repeatedly in Bidoon writings, whether in al-Zafiri’s oeuvre or that of others from his generation, such as Karim al-Haza’a, and in the work of poets such as Dakhil al-Khalifa, Sulaiman al-Fulaih, and Ahmed al-Dusari, as well as a young novelist such as Khalid Turki. But many of these literary narratives tend to flow in one sole direction, with a focus on belonging—in its problematic and sentimental sense. This preoccupation is played out most starkly via the character of the Bidoon soldier, veteran of the 1967 and 1973 wars and then the Second Gulf War, considering him as a representative of the highest form of state allegiance and patriotism. In contrast, we find that the discourse of the state and the hegemonic class often exploits the same point to portray the Bidoon as hired mercenaries.</span></span></span></span></span></p><h2 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: dinweb, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 1.7em;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: small;" xml:lang="EN-US">3.</span></span></span></span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">In exile, I have met other Gulf peoples. Their origins on paper are India, or Iran, or Egypt, or the Philippines, and some of them write in English, but they were born and raised in the Gulf and then ended up in exile for one reason or another. They define themselves as “a writer from Abu Dhabi” or “a poet from Dubai” even though some of them don’t speak Arabic. Through reading their textural conjuring of a whole other Gulf I came to understand that my imagination had fallen victim to definitions of national literature. How have state institutions in the entire Arab world pulled off corroborating the notion of national literature as literature written by citizens, and necessarily in Arabic? Literature linked to state identity and state narratives, rather than to geography, which is in reality the natural vessel for any creative act. The state formation system across the Arab world—or even across the Third World as a whole—has been downloaded like a revelation received on the same template everywhere: in order to create your state, you must manufacture a folkloric culture, a literature, some arts and a traditional local dress, and then the lie is bound to become truth. Gamal Abdel Nasser dispatched his specialist committees to every corner of the Gulf, to organize cultural operations and trajectories that have come to be repeated ever since by successive generations of citizens who guard over them, their chests swelling with pride. And within these violent operations, no one leaves any space for the migrant or the Bidoon—or any other passerby stranded along with them—to join in and contribute with their own cultural production.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">I grew up in a country where, after the Second Gulf War, the state TV channel used to cut the names of Palestinian or Iraqi artists from the credits of drama series and other programs, even going as far as erasing entire scenes from “their” national culture because they were acted in or made by the new enemy. People passed cassettes by Kadim al-Sahir and Yas Khidr to one another under the table, in the same way forbidden substances like wine and hashish were circulated. After the occupation of Iraq in 2003, people celebrated national holidays in Kuwait in a different way, crowding the Gulf beaches in their cars to sing Iraqi songs at the top of their voices. God, so freedom is to listen to an Iraqi song in public!</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">In his engagement with Abdel Rahman Munif’s <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cities of Salt</em> cycle of novels, the Indian novelist Amitav Ghosh wrote an exceptional essay titled “Petrofiction,” which blasts the entire Gulf literary project. Ghosh discusses how no literature anywhere has known how to deal with the discovery of oil; the extraction of crude, which has changed the balance of power across the whole world, happens in places far out of human sight. Then it is traded in imaginary markets we know nothing about except for their price indexes in economics bulletins. Ghosh goes on to focus on <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cities of Salt</em> as being perhaps the sole literary attempt ever made at understanding this terrifying encounter between man and oil, an encounter played out in a rugged and inaccessible region such as the Gulf. Here, history has not passed through the natural phases of development from feudalism to industrial revolution and then petrocapitalism. On the contrary, and as we understand from Munif’s novel, the Gulf has been transformed from a geography dotted with small communities, the desert on one side and the sea on the other, to states and cities rapidly outstripping history’s lung capacity.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">Upon opening a novel about the Gulf, one is struck by the abyss of oil or the looming abyss of modernity, gigantic and formidable, dark and full of silence. Every work leaps from descriptions of the humble, simple life straight to the problematics and aspirations of modern life. But what about that fissure? What about the ecology lost in the middle, the desert having been the living room of your home just yesterday, only for you to become housebound in a concrete house the very next day? Nothing. Ghosh discusses the clever intervention Munif dares to make in the first novel of the <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Cities of Salt</em> cycle, whereby he captures this dubious paradox that, by its very nature, has facilitated the region becoming an unlimited playing field for the Americans. But Ghosh goes on to note the failure represented by the second novel in the quintet, in which Munif falls back on the binary of citizen vs. “outsider,” positing the latter as a thief, with an integral role in the system plundering land and liberty as part of the petroproject. And perhaps this failure of Munif’s serves as a greater metaphor for Gulf literature itself having failed, to this very day, to destabilize the hegemonic historical narrative and deconstruct the binary of citizen vs. other, or to free itself from the lie of national literature. It is a lie that does not fit with the reality—either before oil, or after it—of cultural production on the ground.</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">These days I see “Bidoon literature” as an opportunity to write against the tide and outside the mainstream, considering that we are stuck in the triangular trap formed by the nation-state, petrol, and the fissure of history. A writer who continues to reduce writing to performing the tasks of <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">representation</em> and <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">voicing</em> will not have much to offer, either in terms of minority literature’s aspirations or towards destabilizing national literature. It is possible for the Bidoon—and this opportunity extends to migrant literature as well—to expand the imagination in the face of hegemonic narratives. To reexamine this violent encounter between oil and the human being, in order to liberate the human relationship with place. I don’t aspire today to obtain a hyphen to place between two identities, because I don’t think that this punctuation mark will create a space for the novels of Ibrahim Abdelmajid, Sonallah Ibrahim, Ghassan Kanafani, Mohammad al-Asa’ad, Khozama Hubaib, Yahya Yakhalif, Walid Abu Bakr, Ahmed Zain and that long and wide page of Arab and South Asian and African writers who lived or wrote in the Gulf. But I do know that armed with even a single spoon, I am capable of demolishing the ramparts behind which national literature and those who have earned themselves a place in its canon have retreated.</span></span></span></span></span></p><hr style="background: rgb(226, 226, 226); border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; color: #444444; font-family: dinweb, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; height: 1px;" /><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.boell.de/en/2021/06/02/bidoon-geburt-einer-literatur-und-eines-politischen-anliegens">This essay</a> is part of our series "</span></em><a href="https://www.boell.de/en/10-years-arab-spring?dimension1=division_mena" style="background-color: transparent; box-shadow: rgb(200, 228, 128) 0px -0.2em inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background 0.3s ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease-in 0s;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">Reminiscence of the future</span></span></em></strong></a><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">". </span></em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">To commemorate ten years of revolution in North Africa and West Asia, the authors share their hopes, dreams, questions and doubts. The essays indicate how important such personal engagement is in developing political alternatives and what has been achieved despite the violent setbacks.</span></em></span></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">In addition to the series we also address the ongoing struggle against authoritarian regimes, for human dignity and political reforms in various multimedia projects: For example, our digital scroll story <a style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">"</strong></a></span></em><a href="https://revolutions.boell.de/en" style="background-color: transparent; box-shadow: rgb(200, 228, 128) 0px -0.2em inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background 0.3s ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease-in 0s;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">Giving up has no future</span></span></em></strong></a><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">"</span></em></strong><em style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US"> presents three activists from Egypt, Tunisia and Syria who show that the revolutions are going on.</span></em></span></span></span></p><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; font-family: dinweb, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><hr style="background: rgb(226, 226, 226); border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px;" /><div style="box-sizing: inherit;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Noto Serif", Georgia, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", FreeSerif, serif; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a href="https://www.boell.de/en/2021/06/02/bidoon-geburt-einer-literatur-und-eines-politischen-anliegens?dimension1=division_mena#_ftnref1" id="_ftn1" name="_ftn1" style="background-color: transparent; box-shadow: rgb(200, 228, 128) 0px -0.2em inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #444444; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background 0.3s ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease-in 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">Bidoon are stateless people in the Arab Gulf. The word literally means “without”, and comes from the Arabic phrase </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="ES-TRAD">bid</span><span lang="EN-US" style="box-sizing: inherit;" xml:lang="EN-US">ūn jinsiyya, meaning “without nationality.” The term primarily refers to stateless people in Kuwait. The first Bidoon were Arabs who were given temporary status during the independence of the country, a status which then remained for generations to come. Bidoon status is inherited, and entails a lack of official documents and access to any rights or social welfare programs including employment, legal representation, housing, healthcare, and education. </span></span></span></p></div></div></div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-75407465885258905122021-05-28T09:28:00.002-07:002021-05-28T09:28:10.170-07:00How Ra’ad Abdulqadir Changed the Iraqi Prose Poem Forever<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP6Op0RbMU7NDjv4Ck4Rpba-qySqJoE83_iAxWa8aIYAQkKopaehsB3M0reg42YRkA7gE2Yov8GL1w6p3X_nxTLwjFw0T_txxt31-L7lJBuJOc0RwPPuCjwnQmTvu6vZiJe4pgSFgXTIM/s900/abdulqadir.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="900" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP6Op0RbMU7NDjv4Ck4Rpba-qySqJoE83_iAxWa8aIYAQkKopaehsB3M0reg42YRkA7gE2Yov8GL1w6p3X_nxTLwjFw0T_txxt31-L7lJBuJOc0RwPPuCjwnQmTvu6vZiJe4pgSFgXTIM/w400-h200/abdulqadir.png" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;">It’s late 90s Baghdad: with a trembling heart and weak joints, Ra’ad Abdulqadir, the editor of Aqlam literary magazine, would return from his office to his home in the western outskirts of the capital every day. He would change into his pajamas, lay down on the couch, and begin to write a poem for what would become his most notable work, Falcon with Sun Overhead. He would then doze off with the notebook resting on his belly. Like much of the rest of Iraq, Ra’ad spent the 90s suffering from health issues, and the hospital visits became part of his routine. He hated doctors and hospitals and chronicled their dreadful presence in his poems. “The poet used to be an angel,” he told novelist Warid Badir al-Salim in what’s considered his last interview in 1999. “Now he is a coal miner.”</p><p style="text-align: justify;">And what does that mean for you, Mr. Ra’ad? “Well, I like to think of myself as the angel in the coalfield.”</p><p style="text-align: justify;">And so he is—the angel in the coalfield, the cemetery, the empty classrooms, the white hospitals, the dark streets. For years, he was the kind of poet loved and envied by both his contemporaries and the generations that followed for his magical ability to keep the angel’s garb free of ash. Now, though, he has been underrated and forgotten.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ra’ad began to publish in the 70s and reappeared again in the 90s “to save the Iraqi prose poem,” as his close friend poet Abdulzahra Zaki has written. He belonged to a generation overshadowed by those that came of age in the 60s, a generation that lives in exile, having escaped the authoritarian grip of the Ba’ath regime, and is celebrated across the Arab world, including poets like Sargon Boulus, Fadhil Azzawi, and Salah Faiq. Those poets that began to publish in the 70s and afterward, meanwhile, endured dictatorship and survived the Iraq-Iran War, the Gulf War, and sanctions. Literary historians describe this period of dictator-ship era literature (1979-2003) as one in which several generations of Iraqi poets—as well as their variety of poetic forms and practices—existed and developed side by side.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For Ra’ad’s generation, the 70s poets, survival came at a high cost. Those not already in prison or exile were required to serve in the military. For most people, the only hope was to be a woman, disabled, on reserve, or working as a reporter. Ra’ad worked as an editor and journalist his whole life, which allowed him to continue to write in relative safety. At the time, all forms of cultural production were run by state institutions (unless they were student-run or informal, in which case they would face censorship).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">* continue reading at <a href="https://lithub.com/how-raad-abdulqadir-changed-the-iraqi-prose-poem-forever/">LitHub</a></p>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-10987440651825969882021-05-28T09:25:00.002-07:002021-05-28T09:26:11.122-07:00From Rap to Trap: The Khaliji Migrant Finds his Aesthetic<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: justify;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhz190NP25ww6NEAKyK-Zei4J9cjfYDRKVTjZT_o9Y8qOV3HUPIV641KJh7-_OXQnUCWde2x2rmNfA02uocUW3cV3NBMBfyccYwvEbKbv7hIAb5hubKQ-u-kOOGTBoe7aVRArLhvFqYtg/s1280/maxresdefault.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhz190NP25ww6NEAKyK-Zei4J9cjfYDRKVTjZT_o9Y8qOV3HUPIV641KJh7-_OXQnUCWde2x2rmNfA02uocUW3cV3NBMBfyccYwvEbKbv7hIAb5hubKQ-u-kOOGTBoe7aVRArLhvFqYtg/w400-h225/maxresdefault.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">This article explores the trajectories and artistic productions of Arabic‑speaking hip hop artists of migrant background</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">in the Gulf countries (especially the UAE and Saudi Arabia). More specifically, the article describes the recent emergence of a new hip hop scene led by second‑generation migrants, whose lyrics appear as more politicized than those of citizen rappers. While these artists face criticism by local audiences on the basis of their foreign origins – often used to delegitimize their position – the article suggests that hip hop provides them with a language to express their specific experiences as migrants– the informal neighborhoods they grew up in; their critical takes on</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"> </span><em style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: large; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify;">kafīl</em><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">‑s, the police, and systematic exclusion; or their experiences of unemployment and discrimination. The article further suggests that these very experiences grant their artists the “street credit” that citizen rappers would lack.</span></p><div class="tabContent" id="abstract-6285-en" lang="en" style="background-color: white; border-left: 1px solid rgb(215, 215, 215); clear: none; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 1em 0px 0px 1em;" xml:lang="en"><p class="resume" style="clear: left; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The article looks both at tracks and videoclips produced by the rappers as well as some of the discourses held about them– in the media and in the comments section of YouTube videos or online forums. It also points toward a number of issues – the question of how ethnicity and social class are mobilized in the lyrical, linguistic, and parodic creativity of the songs, and in controversies and discourses surrounding the artists; the question of state intervention, either through financially co‑opting the cultural industry or through censorship; the question of migrant experiences, that are rarely expressed elsewhere, and how they are made visible through hip hop productions.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">* read the full paper at <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/cy/6285">Arabian Humanities</a></span></div></div><div class="tabContent hidden" id="abstract-6285-fr" lang="fr" style="background-color: white; border-left: 1px solid rgb(215, 215, 215); clear: none; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 1em 0px 0px 1em; visibility: hidden; width: 0px;" xml:lang="fr"><p class="resume" style="clear: left; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 1em; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em style="font-weight: inherit;"></em><br /></span></p></div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-35283114179182325082021-02-16T12:55:00.003-08:002021-02-16T12:55:59.827-08:00على أطلال الأدب القومي أو عن أدب يكتبه الغرباء<p dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; text-align: right;">ها نحن ثانية في المنفى، لسنا بأول جيل عربي يسّيب نفسه للمتاهة كما لن نكون الأخيرين، يسموننا مهاجرين تارة أو لاجئين ومهمشين تارة أخرى، يدعوننا للحديث عن الهامش من الهامش "كيف هو الطقس على الهامش؟" يضعوننا في أنطولوجيات لن يقرأها سوى مومياوات المؤسسات أو جيتوهات دراسات الشرق الأوسط، يتعاملون مع قصائدنا ورواياتنا باعتبارها وثائق، أو اعترافات من الجانب المظلم من النفق. أو قد يتطور الأمر قليلًا فيضعون شرطة هي بمثابة جسر ضبابي بين هويتنا وهويتهم "عربي-أمريكي"، جسر لا يهدف للعبور، يتولون حراسته، وسوف يبنون عليه حائطًا مكهربًا يومًا ما.</span></span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">قضيت في الولايات المتحدة حتى الآن 10 سنوات. لم أحصل على الجنسية بعد وما زلت أسافر بجواز سفر لاجئ مدته 12 شهرًا، ويقتضي تجديده 3 شهور في كل مرة، باعتبار أن السفر رفاهية. يتم الإشارة إليّ باعتباري كاتبة "عربية-أمريكية" بلا تردد، ولا أعلم متى بالضبط حدث التحول في تصنيفي من "كاتب عربي منفي" إلى كاتب "عربي- أمريكي".</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">في المقابل، ولدت وتربيت في الكويت حتى سن الثانية والعشرين، نشرت خلالها مجموعتين شعريتين، عملت في الصحف المحلية لخمس سنوات، بل أني لم أترك مجالًا إلا وتمرغت فيه: التمثيل، النقد المسرحي، الترجمة الأدبية، التنظيم السياسي، النسوي والعمالي و"البدوني"، لعبت على الكمنجة والعود والبيانو، ولولا أن صوتي شحيح وقبيح لوجدتموني أغني في المولات التجارية وعلى شواطئ الخليج الملوثة. عشت حياة ضخمة خلال عمر قصير، نجحت وفشلت وكبرت، كل ذلك دون مسمى أو مصنف أحمله.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">في 2011، وبعد ولادة حراك "البدون" في الشارع الكويتي، صار هنالك شيء اسمه "أدب البدون". من قبل، كانت أنطولوجيات وموسوعات الأدب الكويتي تتجاهل وجودنا، والتي لا هدف منها سوى تثبيت فكرة أن لدينا بالفعل أدبًا وبالتالي لدينا أيضًا أمة وتاريخًا ودولة، يقصوننا من "رابطة الأدباء الكويتيين" ومن كل جمعيات النفع العام التي من المفترض أن تكون أكثر ديمقراطية من الدولة إلا أنها في الحقيقة أكثر بؤسًا ورجعية وعنصرية.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">نتصاحب ونتسامر مع رفاقنا المهاجرين، من المصريين والسوريين والفلسطينيين وغيرهم من العرب التائهين في بلاد النفط، نعرف أننا على الهامش، هامش الهنا وهامش الهناك، ولا نعرف كيف نخلق من هامشنا هذا شيئًا، جغرافية أخرى خاصة بنا، مساحة غير قائمة على السيد المواطن. لم يكن لـ "أدب البدون" أن يولد لولا أن حراك البدون قد ولد، فكل قضية سياسية بالطبيعة تحتاج إلى الأدب والثقافة لتسريد معاناة وحراك قوم ما نحو تطلعاتهم الجمعية. كانت النبذة التعريفية للواحد تأتي في سطر مبهم "ولد في الكويت" أو أن تكتب "شاعر بدون" فيقوم المحرر بإلغائها، إذ كيف يمكن تعريف الواحد بصيغة النفي.<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">في المنفى، تعرفت على شعوب خليجية أخرى، على كتاب أصولهم من الهند وإيران ومصر وفلسطين، ممن يكتبون بالإنجليزية، لكنهم ولدوا وتربوا في الخليج ثم انتهى بهم الأمر في المنفى لأسباب شتى. يقومون بالتعريف عن أنفسهم "كاتب من أبو ظبي" أو "شاعر من دبي"، بل أن بعضهم لا يجيد العربية حتى. استوعبت من خلال قراءة نصوصهم التي تصور خليجًا آخر تمامًا أن مخيلتي قد وقعت ضحية لتعريفات الأدب القومي، كيف نجحت مؤسسات الدولة في العالم العربي بأكمله بتثبيت فكرة الأدب القومي باعتباره أدبًا يكتبه المواطن وبالضرورة بالعربية، أدب مرتبط بهوية وسرديات الدولة، لا بالجغرافيا التي هي الوعاء الطبيعي لكل فعل إبداعي. نُزلت منظومة الدولة في العالم العربي أو حتى في العالم الثالث بذات الشكل الإسمنتي: كي تختلق دولتك، اصنع ثقافة فلكورية وأدبًا وفنونًا وأزياء محلية، هكذا ستصبح الكذبة حقيقة لا محال.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">أرسل عبد الناصر لجانه المختصة إلى كافة أنحاء الخليج ينظمون عمليات ومسارات الثقافة ليمرروها من بعد لأجيال المواطنين يحرسونها ويتفاخرون بها بصدور مفتوحة. وضمن هذه العمليات العنيفة، لم يترك أحدهم أي مجال للمهاجر أو البدون أو أي عابر آخر عالق معهم ليشارك بمنتجه الثقافي هو أيضًا. ترعرعت في بلد، بعد حرب الخليج، كان تلفزيونها الوطني يقوم بقص أسماء الفنان الفلسطيني أو العراقي من تترات المسلسلات والبرامج، بل حد الوصول لإلغاء مشاهد كاملة من "ثقافتهم الوطنية" لأنها من صنع أو تمثيل العدو الجديد، وكان الناس يتداولون كاسيتات كاظم الساهر وياس خضر من تحت الطاولة كما ممنوعات الخمرة والحشيش. بعد احتلال العراق 2003، احتفل الناس بالأعياد الوطنية في الكويت بشكل مختلف وقتها، تتزاحم سياراتهم على شاطئ الخليج صادحة بالأغاني العراقية بأعلى صوت. الله، الحرية، أن تسمع موالًا عراقيًا في الشارع.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">في مقالة عن <strong>سداسية مدن الملح</strong> لـ <strong>عبد الرحمن منيف</strong>، كتب الروائي الهندي <strong>أميتاف جوش</strong> مقالة استثنائية بعنوان <a href="https://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=6441" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong>خيال النفط</strong></a> تنسف مشروع الأدب في الخليج. يناقش جوش كيف أن الأدب في كل مكان لم يعرف كيف يتعامل مع اكتشاف النفط، فاستنباط هذا الخام الذي غير موازين القوى في العالم، يحدث في أماكن بعيدة عن ناظر الإنسان، ثم تتم مداولته في أسواق متخيلة لا نعرف عنها سوى مؤشرات الأسعار خلال النشرة الاقتصادية. ثم يركز غوش على أن <strong>مدن الملح</strong> قد تكون المحاولة الأدبية الوحيدة لفهم هذا اللقاء المهيب بين الإنسان والنفط، وفي منطقة وعرة جدًا هي منطقة الخليج حيث التاريخ لم يمر بمراحل تطور طبيعية من الإقطاعية إلى الثورة الصناعية فالرأسمالية النفطية.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">على العكس، وكما نفهم من رواية منيف، تحولت الخليج من جغرافيا جماعات صغيرة متوزعة بين ضفتي الصحراء والبحر إلى دول ومدن تنمو أسرع مما يسع لرئتي التاريخ احتوائه. حين تفتح رواية ما عن الخليج تلاحظ<span class="diigoHighlightCommentLocator" style="vertical-align: text-bottom;"></span><span class="diigoHighlightCommentLocator" style="vertical-align: text-bottom;"></span> كيف أن هوّة النفط أو هوّة الحداثة هائلة ومظلمة ومليئة بالصمت، كل عمل يقفز من توصيف الحياة البسيطة إلى إشكاليات وطموح الحياة الحديثة. ولكن ماذا عن ذاك الشرخ، عن الايكولوجيا التي ضاعت في المنتصف، أن تكون الصحراء صالون بيتك في الأمس فتصبح حبيس بيت اسمنتي في اليوم التالي؟ لا شيء.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">يناقش جوش التدخل الذكي الذي أقدم عليه منيف في الجزء الأول من السداسية، في التقاط هذا التناقض المريب الذي بطبيعته سهل من جعل المنطقة ساحة يلعب فيها الأمريكان بحرية، لكنه يعبر عن فشل منيف في الجزء الثاني من الرواية حينما يستسلم لثنائية المواطن و"الوافد" ليعتبر هذا الآخر المستلب جزء من المنظومة التي تسرق الأرض والحرية بمشروع النفط. وقد يكون فشل منيف هذا استعارة كبرى لفشل الأدب في الخليج حتى اليوم في خلخلة السردية التاريخية المهيمنة وفي هدم ثنائية المواطن والآخر، بل وحتى في التحرر من أكذوبة الأدب القومي التي لم تكن لا قبل النفط ولا بعده لائقة بالمنتجات الثقافية على أرض الواقع.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">لا أطمح اليوم لشَرطة (-) أضعها بين هويتين، لا أظن أن هذه العلامة الترقيمية ستخلق مكانًا لروايات إبراهيم عبد المجيد وصنع الله إبراهيم وغسان كنفاني ومحمد الأسعد وخزامة حبايب ويحيى يخلف ووليد أبو بكر وأحمد زين والصف الطويل العريض من الكتاب العرب والجنوب آسيويين والأفارقة الذين عاشوا أو كتبوا عن الخليج. ولكني أعرف أن بإمكاني حتى ولو بملعقة واحدة في يدي أن أنسف هذه الجدران التي يحتمي بها الأدب القومي، ومن يكتسب مساحة لنفسه من خلف هذه الجدران.</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Noto Naskh Arabic", Merriweather, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">* نُشرت على <a href="https://wwww.almanassa.run/ar/story/15778">موقع المنصة</a></span></p>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-56546471799683381602021-02-03T12:29:00.001-08:002021-02-03T12:32:13.169-08:00The Exact Number of Stars: André Naffis-Sahely Translates Ribka Sibhatu<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Versailles W01", Palatino, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 19.2px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.poetrytranslation.org/images/made/images/ribka-sibhatu_427x0_212_187_90.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="212" height="353" src="https://www.poetrytranslation.org/images/made/images/ribka-sibhatu_427x0_212_187_90.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Last year, I was asked by an American editor to submit a selection of my poems for an anthology of contemporary Arabic poetry. “Self-translations are not allowed,” came her disclaimer, predicated on the assumption that a poet is effectively monolingual, and reinforcing a modern understanding of translation, and by extension other cultural practices, to be neutral and objective. “We think self-translation poses a threat to the art of translation,” she added. As I come close to completing a decade in American exile, I have accumulated many examples of how monolingualism enacts the violent politics of the publishing industry and its literary apparatus––“self-translations are not permitted,” publishers and magazines declare on their submission pages with no effort to embrace the multilingual possibilities of a contemporary American literature. It pushed me to embark on a search for “poet-translators,” whose practice does not separate writing from translation and who often don’t even deploy the term “self-translation,” as they have come to realize that the author and the translator are inseparable.</div></span><p></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div style="color: #333333; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Now at this distance, having understood the racist nature of monolingualism in the literary context, I find myself in the company of a nation of multilingual poets and translators––from Western pre-modernists like Goethe and Pessoa and Rilke to the émigré writers of modern and contemporary literatures. One would think that our literary conceptions and visions would adapt in light of mass displacement being the new norm–that publishing practices, whether editorial or translation-based, would work on expanding what is a national literature, or do without it altogether. However, the gatekeepers continue to guard the rusting gates, while the poet-translators make their attempts to jump in through the windows.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Ribka Sibhatu and André Naffis-Sahely are two such versatile literary artists. Sibhatu is an Eritrean poet and activist who writes in Italian, Tigrinya, Amharic, and French. She has been fighting Isaias Afwerki’s dictatorship at home, writing poems that imagine diaspora as the hands of a nation, and reclaiming refugee literature from its ghettoization to create a promise for a new literature. For Sibhatu, the refugee is the so-called “renaissance man” who has crossed landscapes, lived multiple lives, shed tongues, and acquired new ones. With such ethos, Sibhatu writes each of her poems, against linearity, against frontiers, and against amnesia.</div></span><p></p><div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">It is no coincidence that Naffis-Sahely found Sibhatu’s poems, becoming the first to introduce her work to English readers. He grew up in Abu Dhabi with an Iranian father and Italian mother before his family was exiled from the emirate, but his maternal country was not any welcoming either, facing him with xenophobia. When encountering Sibhatu’s work, Naffis-Sahely discovered himself as a literary translator––seeing the possibility of another Italy, narrated and inhabited by the strangers within. In 2011, Andre was asked to translate Sibhatu’s poems for an Italian documentary film. Twenty titles later, Naffis-Sahely has now finally been able to publish his English translation of Sibhatu’s work.<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Reading <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Aul</em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">ò</em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">! Aul</em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">ò</em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">! Aul</em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">ò</em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">!</em> (<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">ኣውሎ</em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">! </em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">ኣውሎ</em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">! </em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">ኣውሎ</em><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">!</em>) released this year by the Poetry Translation Center in London, I felt jealous of this perfect poet-translator pairing. They both talk about how their friendship over the past decade has been built around the multilingual poems contained in this collection, which Sibhatu sometimes translated into Italian, before Naffis-Sahely presents them in his English productions. Their ongoing collaboration confirms my belief that the connection between poet and translator is a lifetime commitment, to grow and write and think together. The translator worked on these poems over years of their friendship, embracing the multilingual capacity of Sibhatu’s work, rather than viewing it as an obstacle. This is reflected in the chronology of the book, its multiple themes, as well as in the variety of styles and themes. In this sense, translation plays an active role in servicing the vision of the refugee poet who is not afraid to live and move between two worlds. When looking at the titles Naffis-Sahely translated from Italian and French over the past decade, we see pre-modern and modern European names, as well as contemporary writers from Morocco, Algeria, Eritrea, and Cameroon. The way Naffis-Sahely kick-started his translation work with Sibhatu helped orient him to use translation as a way of trespassing the arbitrary boundaries of national literatures. </span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Sibhatu is not only a multilingual poet, she also insists on an “archaic” usage of the Tigrinya alphabet, which is uncommon among Eritrean writers. She explains in an <a href="https://peneritrea.com/blog/exile-home-and-nostalgia-in-conversation-with-ribka-sibhatu" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #009fae; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s linear 0s;">interview</a> with another exiled Eritrean writer, Abraham T. Zere, that she did not study Ge’ez script and taught herself Tigrinya as she was learning Amharic in school. Sibhatu never seems concerned about the linguistic accessibility of her work or having to mediate and negotiate with the reader. She explains to Zere that without the archaic alphabet, their connection to their ancestors (their canon, stories, songs, powers) will be lost.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The ancestral question is at the center of Sibhatu’s work, in her choice of language, genre, and form. She examines it at different points and in varied directions, sometimes as the exiled writer dreaming of a lost egalitarian society (“the sycamores”, as she calls it), as the diasporic daughter out of touch with her language and history, or as the comrade in grief for those imprisoned and killed. In her gorgeous poem “How African Spirits were Born,” she writes a fable that subverts the classic story of two feuding brothers dividing their kingdom to instead become a story of origins, or rather epistemological origins, when the kings split the world into two halves: the material and the metaphysical. As such, Sibhatu hints from afar––from her distant modern place––at this rupture caused by greed and oppression, which have cost humans their wholeness, their connection to the past, and their ancestral companions.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Similarly, in “The Exact Number of Stars,” Sibhatu writes another fable about a king who orders his village men to murder their fathers. A call that frighteningly resembles the postcolonial proposal to break away from the past for the promise of progress. However, one man in the village decides to hide his father, which then saves the entire village. With every impossible test given to them by the king, the hidden father saves the village from the king’s punishment with his wisdom. The fable-poem here too becomes another testament to the power of memory, without which survival is impossible.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">In “African Grandmothers,” Sibhatu writes about a girl called Sara who is burdened by her alienation as a girl born in disapora, her lack of tools and means: “She spends all her time/ at home and school reading/ or asking how the earth was made.” She is the wanderer born into a strange world, she cuddles with the cats and dogs, admires the distant moon, “seeing that god/ won’t answer/ her questions, Sara/ wants me to give her/ the names and/ the surnames/ of our African grandmothers/whom Darwin declined/ to mention in his book.” This powerful poem, about the daughter and her exiled mother, contemplates the possibility of diaspora as lineage, and the loneliness and the difficulty of such a prospect, especially at the heart of Darwin’s land.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The poem’s vulnerability is striking. I haven’t encountered such text that captures, on such an intimate level, the question of exile and diaspora. It is moving how Sibhatu is able to leave her place to look at the world, in its full foreignness, with a girl’s eyes, before reconnecting a daughter and mother with their grandmothers in the face of a world that has long diminished their existence. Sibhatu allows us to see the diasporic daughter making something out of her incompleteness, her lacking, her unanswered questions.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">But she is never entirely romantic or sentimental in her treatment of these microrelations. In “Virginity,” she writes in a journalistic yet humorous style about an important man who wanted to marry her after finding out that his bride was not a virgin and abandoning her. Sibhatu opens the poem with the line “For a bride, her virginity is just as important as her eyes, if not more so” and goes on to play on this connection between sight and virginity. This poem celebrates a heroic act, inherently feminist, in which the poet foresees that she must compromise either her honor, and by extension her family’s, or her own freedom and well-being. Knowing that her father might set her up for an arranged marriage, she lies to the man and says she is not a virgin either. Sibhatu writes: “Children greatly fear the might of their parents’ curses.” Thus, the poem takes away the romance of family, repositioning the individual woman at the center of her survival, while still capturing the fragility of the loved ones who might betray her.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">With poems such as “Virginity” or “My Abebà,” about Sibhatu’s friend who died in the prison under dictatorship in Eritera, “Prison Cells,” or even her most famous poem “Lampedusa,” which captures the moment when more than five hundred migrants, many of whom were Eritrean, drowned off the shore of the island of Lampedusa, I am reminded of the poem “The Idea of Ancestry” by Etheridge Knight. In Knight’s vision, which unfolds as the speaker lays in his prison bed, the ancestors are already impossible to memorialize, and in light of this rupture in lineage, they are realized as a fiction rooted in intimacy, in the cousins who share the same name, some far away, some close and alive, and others who have gone missing and unmentioned. It is an idea, and therefore, the pursuit of a lifetime, something that Sibhatu is well aware of and goes to explore, at home and in diaspora, and sometimes in the bleak places in between.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">“Lampedusa” shows us the kind of multiplicity that Sibhatu possesses as a refugee writer. Across her poems, she builds on ancient fables, evokes biblical cries, and sometimes plays the old role of the poet as a public mourner. In one interview, Sibhatu admits how she used to believe in the separation between these “political” stories or issues and art, but while in exile, she has learned otherwise––that the label of “refugee writing” is meant to introduce her as an “exotic survivor” (to borrow from James Baldwin), and to reduce her story to a matter of one crossing journey, with no past or future.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The truth is that the refugee today is the new traveler, the new clandestine, the new flâneuse, and her story goes beyond death and survival; it is one of human triumph, to recreate the self, to hold a multitude, to speak in one’s mother tongue, or in “stepdaughters”, as Sibhatu describes her five languages. In “Lampedusa,” the poet uses the true story of a woman who drowned while giving birth to masterfully merge the events of death and birth, the ululations of the boat companions fly in celebration and commemoration––it is that human wholeness which was long lost when the two brothers split our world into halves. </span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">* Published in <a href="https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/book-review/the-exact-number-of-stars-andre-naffis-sahely-translates-ribka-sibhatu?src=twitter">Words Without Borders </a></span></p></div><blockquote style="background-color: #f9f9f9; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Versailles W01", Palatino, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 0.875em; margin: 1.5em 2.25em;"></blockquote>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-20567828145860995992020-12-16T13:36:00.003-08:002020-12-16T13:37:01.034-08:00حول ترجمة رواية “نسب” ﻷوكتافيا بتلر<p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSULrZ2OQn-vNLCB_AVWR77uK2rzvlwHK9F7xbhdNj21CRUQmGLaRyjV9FegxNwTQlN8ANZBLHgWXjXdbpawgcC4uMcoe_lD8jZAy4Ac_uGv-OW5UZBn-Pt2f2bLYF2WJeSI1z9B2IOdw/s752/IMG-20201115-WA0010.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="752" data-original-width="624" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSULrZ2OQn-vNLCB_AVWR77uK2rzvlwHK9F7xbhdNj21CRUQmGLaRyjV9FegxNwTQlN8ANZBLHgWXjXdbpawgcC4uMcoe_lD8jZAy4Ac_uGv-OW5UZBn-Pt2f2bLYF2WJeSI1z9B2IOdw/s320/IMG-20201115-WA0010.jpg" /></a></div><br />قضيت<span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">في</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ترجمة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">هذه</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الرواية</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ما</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">يقارب</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">العام</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">من</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">العمل</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">اليومي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;">. </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">خرجت</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">منها</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">بشعور</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">من</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">مر</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">برحلة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">تحول</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ميثولوجية</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">مزقتني</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">إلى</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أشلاء</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">لتعيد</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">تشكيلي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">من</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">جديد</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;">. </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">لا</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أكاد</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أصدق</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أني</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">نفدت</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">بجلدي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">من</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">هذا</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">العمل</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الروائي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">العصي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">والمتقن</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">والذي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">يقدم</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">هذه</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الكاتبة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">العظيمة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">لأول</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">مرة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">لقراء</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">العربية</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;">. </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ولدت</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أوكتافيا</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">إيستيلي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">بتلر</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">وترعرعت</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">في</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">باسادينا</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> – </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">كاليفورنيا</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">في</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">العام</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> 1947 </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">لتصبح</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">لاحقًا</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">من</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أهم</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">كتاب</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الخيال</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">العلمي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ومن</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">بين</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أوائل</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">النساء</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">اللواتي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">خضن</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">هذا</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">النوع</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">من</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الكتابة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الأدبية،</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">بالإضافة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">إلى</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">كونها</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أول</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">كاتب</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أمريكي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">أسود</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">يتخصص</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">في</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">هذا</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">النوع</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">وأول</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">كاتب</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">خيال</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;">-</span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">علمي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">يتوج</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">بجائزة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> “</span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">ماك</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">آرثر</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;">” </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">التي</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">تمنح</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">سنويًا</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">لخيرة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الأدباء</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">والفنانين</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">والعلماء</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">في</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">الولايات</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;"> </span><span class="s1" style="direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;">المتحدة</span><span class="s2" style="direction: rtl; font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; unicode-bidi: embed;">.</span><p></p><p class="p2" dir="rtl" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">أقدم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لقراء<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العربية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أحد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أهم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أعمال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والتي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يتم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تصنيفها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ضمن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يسمى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بـ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>أدب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العبودية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الجديد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>الذي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بدأ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالظهور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ستينيات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القرن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الماضي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> (</span>ويستمر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حتى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اليوم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">) </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أيدي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كتاب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مثل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>توني<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>موريسون،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مارجريت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>واكر،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ديفيد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>برادلي،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>شيرلي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>آن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وليامز،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تشارلز<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جونسن،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وإشمائيل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>رييد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والذي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يرجع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>له<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الفضل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إطلاق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المسمى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>لكن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>نسب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>تختلف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أقرانها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مزجها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جماليات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الفنتازيا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وأدب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرحلات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ومذكرات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العبودية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>كما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ليست<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بروائية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>واقعية،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>نسب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>تأتي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كعمل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>واقعي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تشكله<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الكاتبة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>باستغلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أداة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خاصة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالخيال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العلمي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ألا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وهي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السفر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عبر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الزمن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" dir="rtl" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">كل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أعمال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السابقة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>واللاحقة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تدور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مستقبل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>متخيل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مظلم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حيث<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>البشر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والكائنات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الفضائية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يتصارعون<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ضمن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>استعارة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مسرحية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وواقع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الهيمنة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والاضطهاد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>بذلك،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اخترقت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حدود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأجناس<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأدبية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وجاءت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بمخيلة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كاتب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الخيال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العلمي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لتعالج<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تاريخاً<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>شائكًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وقاتمًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بحساسية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فذة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وجديدة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>نلاحظ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كيف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>توظف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الكاتبة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خاصية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الترحال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الزمني<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لالتقاط<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مفارقة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فلسفية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كبرى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ألا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وهي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إشكالية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قراءة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الماضي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>موضع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اللحظة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الراهنة،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حيث<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تمر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>سنوات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأمس<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وكأنها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>دقيقة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>صفحة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أمام<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإنسان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الحديث<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>تركز<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>استعادة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التجارب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المريرة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لإنسان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأمس<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عبر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السرد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المكثف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والشخصيات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المتعددة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ولغة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الجسد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والحوارات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التفصيلية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للكشف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأبعاد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الاجتماعية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والنفسية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للاضطهاد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والقمع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإنسان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والجماعة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>لا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تكتفي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتقديم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الاستعادة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أجل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القارئ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأسود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الذي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>زال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يموت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ويعيش<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ويقاوم،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أيضًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كمشروع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إبداعي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نقدي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لكيفية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التعامل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الاضطهاد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الداخل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عبر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تقاطع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عبقري<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قوة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الخيال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وحقيقة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخ،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>متمثلًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التفاصيل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والأصوات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والأجساد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">.</span></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p class="p2" dir="rtl" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">عملت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرواية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يقارب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عشر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>سنوات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عمرها،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قرأت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فيها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مذكرات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العبيد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والوثائق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرسمية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وأرشيف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الجمعيات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والخرائط<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القديمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لتقوم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أساسها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالتخطيط<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لمسارات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وتحركات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>شخصياتها،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالإضافة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>زياراتها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لولاية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ماريلاند<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حيث<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تدور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أحداث<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرواية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>سيكون<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جليًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أمام<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القارئ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حجم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العمل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الدؤوب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والتراكمي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الذي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بذلته<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لتشكيل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>سياقات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مكانية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وزمانية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وثقافية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حول<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرواية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>أرادت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تقاوم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>النسيان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالذاكرة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وأن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تخلق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>استمرارية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الماضي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والحاضر،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خاصة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وأن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هوة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الحداثة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تخلق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وهمًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عند<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإنسان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المعاصر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بأن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ذاك<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الماضي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تحول<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وبات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بعيدًا،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ليمحو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بذلك<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>معاناة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إنسان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأمس<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ومحاولاته<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المقاومة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والنجاة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>كما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تعالج<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الهوة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>سياق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>محلي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أيضًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حيث<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الاختلاف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأيدولوجي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الشاسع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ستينيات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وسبعينيات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القرن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الماضي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالمقارنة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أسلافهم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الذين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>استعبدوا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>عاشت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فترة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>راديكالية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تاريخ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أمريكا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أغلب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جيلها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ينزح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نحو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الكفاح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المسلح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وينظر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأسلاف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>باعتبارهم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ضحايا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خانعين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>أرادت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للقارئ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يخلق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>روابط<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جديدة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأسلاف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قائمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التعاطف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والترابط<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لتطرح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مفاهيم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جديدة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القمع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والمقاومة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" dir="rtl" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">لم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تأت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>شخصيات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كتب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فقط،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أنها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أيضًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مستوحاة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قصص<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>شخصية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حياتها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>مات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وهي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>سن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>صغيرة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فربتها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أمها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وحيدة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>تتذكر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عمل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والدتها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خادمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بيوت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>البيض<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كاليفورنيا،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تستدعي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قصص<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جدتها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>انتقلت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حقول<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لويزيانا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للعيش<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كاليفورنيا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ضمن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يسمى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بـ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>الهجرة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الكبرى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>لستة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ملايين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ممن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نزحوا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>شمالًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وغربًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عشرينيات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القرن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الماضي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>تعترف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العار<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والغضب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>غلبت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مشاعرها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نحو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أمها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كلما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>رأتها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تُهان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وظيفتها،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وكيف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يقع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الواحد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خطأ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لوم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المظلوم،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ومن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ثم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حصر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المظلوم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>دور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الضحية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تجرده<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تعقيداته<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وقدرته<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المهولة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الصبر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والعيش<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والمقاومة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>أرادت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أنسنة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العبيد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ضد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>صورة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الضحية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وفي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>آنٍ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>واحد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ضد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الصور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الكاريكاتورية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خلقتها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المخيلة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العرقية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عبر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأمريكي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> (</span>مثل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ثنائية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الخدم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وعمال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الحقل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المرأة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>المامي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>التي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تطبخ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وتعمل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>رفاهية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السيد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">). </span>تركز<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الشخصيات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>النسائية،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لأنها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>توني<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>موريسون<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بعدها،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تريد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قراءة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تاريخ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العبودية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>موضع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المرأة،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لتستكشف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بذلك<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تقاطع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الاستغلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الجنسي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والاضطهاد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العرقي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وسعي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإنسان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أجل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الحرية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والتعايش<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>هكذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أصبحت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أوائل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كاتبات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الخيال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العلمي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وبين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرائدات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ممن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قدمن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للجماليات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>النسوية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأدب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأمريكي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وأيضًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نحو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التنظير<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للنسوية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السوداء<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" dir="rtl" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">سيلاحظ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القارئ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كيف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لغة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الجسد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تلعب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>دورًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مهمًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العمل،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فبعودة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإنسان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المعاصر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الماضي،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يجد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نفسه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عاجزًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التعبير<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ليكتفي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بهز<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأكتاف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإيماء<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>باليد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تقطيب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الجبين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>ولا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أظن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التكنيك<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عبثيًا،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فالعبودية،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالأخير،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أقصى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>درجات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>استغلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإنسان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أجل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإنتاج<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عبر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إخضاعه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وسلبه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جسده<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>وتوضح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هوامش<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرواية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كيف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يستمر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الاستغلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ظل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرأسمالية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اليوم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>كما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أنها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تنجح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>دس<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إشارات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هنا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وهناك<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أفريقيا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العالم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العربي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لأنها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تعي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كيف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يتشارك<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>البشر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الصراع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ضد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الاستغلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والاضطهاد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" dir="rtl" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">لقد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اخترت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ترجمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العمل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العربية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لعدة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أسباب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أولها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أننا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نفتقد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لأدب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الخيال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العلمي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وهي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حقيقة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أظن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أنها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مجرد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مصادفة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تاريخية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فجذور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الجنس<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأدبي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كبرت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>طموح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإنسان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأبيض<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لغزو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الكواكب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأخرى،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>متسلحًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بوعد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التقدم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التكنولوجي،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ليصنع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جبهة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جديدة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للاستعمار<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الغربي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>رواية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>نسب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>هي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نموذج<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مغاير<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تمامًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يمزج<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الواقعية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وأدوات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الخيال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العلمي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وحتى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أدب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرحلات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>المؤكد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نجحت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>رسم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حدود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وطموحات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ثقافية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وسياسية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جديدة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لهذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الفن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأدبي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عمل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يهدف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لخلخلة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" dir="rtl" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">وهنا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>سبب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>آخر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لترجمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرواية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وهي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مركزية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>سؤال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالنسبة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للرواية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العربية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المعاصرة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تنغمس<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الاسترجاع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التاريخي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وإعادة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التسريد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>دون<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تنجح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>إضافة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اللحم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الذاكرة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>كما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تقول<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>توني<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>موريسون<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تعريفها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لدور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرواية،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تطرح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>معالجة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نقدية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للتاريخ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ترتبط<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بواقعنا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المعاصر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>هذه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المهمات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الجسيمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للأدب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تتحقق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فقط<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالمعرفة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الكمية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والمادية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أيضًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالفلسفة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والرؤية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السياسية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وبقوة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الفن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والخيال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التجاوز<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والتسلل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والخلق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>تعترف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بتلر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أنها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اضطرت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>للتخفيف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حدة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قصص<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العبودية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لأنها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ترد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المتاجرة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بمعاناة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أسلافها،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فدور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأدب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يتجاوز<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التوثيق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ليذهب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>جذور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الفكرة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والشعور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" dir="rtl" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Geeza Pro";">أود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أنوه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هنا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أني<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أبقيت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>النعتة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العنصرية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>نيجر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>أو<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> Nigger </span>كما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بدلًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>استخدام<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كلمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عربية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مثل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>زنجي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>لأن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>استخدام<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأخيرة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السياق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خطأ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>شائع<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الترجمات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العربية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>كلمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>زنجي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>وأصلها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>زنكي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الفارسية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>النحاسي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>كان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يوصف<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عصور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الامبراطورية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإسلامية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>ولكن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الأدب<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العربي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الحديث<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ترجمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “negro” </span>إلى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>زنجي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>وهي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كلمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تحولت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مصطلح<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ثوري<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لحركة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تحرر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>يد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المفكر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والشاعر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الكاريبي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إيمي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>سيزار<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>بحكم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حضور<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المفردات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> “</span>نيجر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>و<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">”</span>زنجي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>و<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">”</span>عبد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">” </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرواية،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أردت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أحافظ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>على<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>التباين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اللغة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العرقية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بدلًا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إحلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ذات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الكلمة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>سياقات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مختلفة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مما<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ينتج<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مغالطات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تاريخية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالإمكان<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تفاديها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>والحقيقة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>لغتنا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العربية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تزخر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>بالنعوت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العرقية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ضد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>السود<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وغيرهم،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أغلبها<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>غير<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>معروفة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عند<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القارئ<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المعاصر،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>فكم<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ذهلت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حين<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اكتشفت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>خلال<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مشهد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قافلة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العبيد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هذه<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الرواية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مفردة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> coffle (</span>تُنطق<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>كوفل<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">) </span>جاءت<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>إلى<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الإنجليزية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>من<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>العربية<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>القرن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الثامن<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عشر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">. </span>وبذلك،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>عبر<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>مصادفات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>اللغة<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>والأدب،<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>قد<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>نلتقط<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>هنا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>أصداء<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تاريخنا<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>المنسي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>وهي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>تدّوي<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>في<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>حيوات<span class="s3" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>الآخرين</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;">.</span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><i>* نُشر النص في <a href="https://turjoman.boringbooks.net/?p=736">"ترجمان - كتب مملة" </a></i></span></p><div class="entry-tags clearfix" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; border: 0px; color: white; font-family: Cairo; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-35495891942002516302020-09-24T11:54:00.001-07:002020-09-24T11:55:28.354-07:00أغنية الأغاني<p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">1</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">ماذا سنفعل بالمغنّية؟</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">ها هي تقف في غرفة العرض الضيقة</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">اختارتها بعناية</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">لتلتصق ذبذباتها بنا</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">تستأمننا هذا السر</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">ندخل الحفل</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">كما يدخل اليائس بيت قارئة الطالع</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">الصوت من أمامنا</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">والحانة من خلفنا</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">لا تسألنا عن مصادر الندم</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">بل عن حضوره الثقيل</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">كل ما تقوله سؤال وحقيقة</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">لا ينتهي النص بالهروب</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">كما لا ينتهي الليل بالنعاس</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">2</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">على جسر الكاروسيل</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">الذي رسمه فان غوخ</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">وقفت أرواحٌ ثلاث</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">في افتتاحية حكواتية ناعمة:</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">واحدة تسرد</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">وأخرى تستدعي</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">وثالثة تستقر</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">صعود وسقوط إيقاعي</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">يحجب الأسطورة واللون</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">بصيرة ضعيفة وعقل خجل</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">أغنية عالقة في المرآة</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">ولغة متفجرة بالعالم</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> <span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">3</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">داخل الأغنية</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">تصبح الذاكرة مركباً متوفراً</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">فرصةً لحديث ودّي مع ذات سابقة</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">لكل زمن طيفُه</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">ولكل طيف رغباتُه</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">لا يغوص الطيف إلى الداخل</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">بل يطفو</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">كممارسة مؤقتة للحداد</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">كاستدعاء سريع للمستتر</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">وأحياناً</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">قد يُختطف الطيف</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">4</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">بتقطيعة الشكل</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">يتساوى الشعر بالسفر</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">أعني الشعر كصورة </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">نُصرّ على كتابتها</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">ثم مسحها </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">قلم الرصاص والممحاة</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">في قبلة أبدية</span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Light; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">إنها لعنة الأثر</span></span></p><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><p class="p4" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(38, 38, 38); color: #262626; font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: right;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p4" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(38, 38, 38); color: #262626; font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: right;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p4" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(38, 38, 38); color: #262626; font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: right;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p4" dir="rtl" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(38, 38, 38); color: #262626; font-family: "Geeza Pro"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: right;"><i><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747;"><span>* نشرت في ملحق <a href="https://www.aljumhuriya.net/ar/content/%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A">هامش</a> - الجمهورية</span></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(71, 71, 71); color: #474747;"> </span></span></i></p>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-73262068679743826372020-07-01T07:48:00.003-07:002020-07-01T07:50:03.363-07:00The Final Hours of a Statue<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVsE37s5vNnTyc9nTBXDfvwfjB-4BMUQp4TYXSDcO5n4nk4kTd0vm1k8TLV8moRpxv7uuBUnW4suxtcC30GDMrqDU80FJM2uUbECu7Sv1dh-Cp6jmsAcrywKsGsR20YLn0BSlcv07zdIo/s1600/EZMb4GkXsAIg-jX.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="980" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVsE37s5vNnTyc9nTBXDfvwfjB-4BMUQp4TYXSDcO5n4nk4kTd0vm1k8TLV8moRpxv7uuBUnW4suxtcC30GDMrqDU80FJM2uUbECu7Sv1dh-Cp6jmsAcrywKsGsR20YLn0BSlcv07zdIo/s400/EZMb4GkXsAIg-jX.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">On May 29, 2020 a protesting black man broke off the hand of Louis XVI’s statue in Louisville, Kentucky. He then passed it around for people to take selfies with.</span></h6>
<h6 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-top: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Louis XVI was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. Louisville is in fact named after him for his support during the American revolutionary war. He is also accredited for the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Code Noir</i> decree fostering a cruelest slavocracy in the Caribbean and Louisiana, during which torture and amputation were commonly practiced against the enslaved.</span></span></span></h6>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Louis XVI:</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">don’t let them take me, don’t let them take my hand away<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I can’t breathe, I need my space, way too many throats<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Strangling me, call 911, tell them Karen requests their attendance<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />immediately, I am being assaulted by the African-Americans<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />my wrist is swung and swayed around, I’m covered<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />with the covid19 spit and sweat and sneezing and sleezing<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />and salivas soothing the heat of rage who let the dogs out<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I do not like to be pet, please don’t let them take me<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />please please please please officer, officer, officer please<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I can’t breathe, I am struggling with PTSD, I am a veteran,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I am <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Code Noir</i>, the amputated hands are waving at me,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />getting closer as they swallow the ocean. I am a refugee,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />in the womb of Kentucky, I have lost a whole head of flesh<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />and dreams and a kingdom of roar and evil<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />who has the key to marry spirit to flesh? Please please<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />please please pleasssse pretty please</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Protester:</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: DIN-Regular, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Man, I just acquired a new piece from the revolutionary<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />exhibition down the street, believe me when I say<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />it’s exquisite, it has been yet my most valuable acquisition<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I am thinking of setting it up at the center of my home<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Yeah all the way through the main hall through the three<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Dining rooms on that wall of the past behind which<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />they barricaded the blood of language and the cruelty<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />of iron. Remember? How distant their memory is<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />in freedom’s new air. Right on that wall, I will put<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Louis’s hand, isolated, like an anecdote, I will sometimes<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />let it carry my whiskey, I will sometimes let him<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />jerk me off, and who knows I might even have them mix<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />the whiteness of my semen and the whiteness of all he is</span></div>
<div>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">* Published on <i><a href="http://www.warscapes.com/poetry/final-hours-statue">Warscapes</a></i> </span></div>
Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-57022502166758631472019-11-28T08:23:00.001-08:002020-01-29T08:30:17.104-08:00الذاهب إلى المكان: سركون بولص يترجم نفسه وغيره<style type="text/css">
p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: right; font: 12.0px 'Geeza Pro'}
p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: right; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0px}
span.s1 {direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed}
span.s2 {font: 12.0px Helvetica; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed}
span.s3 {font: 12.0px Helvetica}
</style>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ-VF8EgjYKIcjRkWya_XaDBVtovlMqLDELsFlfj4wHP9t90k9VqjfkfUFlOsheEAhu8deEW3bWht7eWl8gdXkDZO1r2tYrRhQhZ5QnJ7VUSKgQaP9U3r1PjTgvow8mRQFErvyMdaGZ_c/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="604" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ-VF8EgjYKIcjRkWya_XaDBVtovlMqLDELsFlfj4wHP9t90k9VqjfkfUFlOsheEAhu8deEW3bWht7eWl8gdXkDZO1r2tYrRhQhZ5QnJ7VUSKgQaP9U3r1PjTgvow8mRQFErvyMdaGZ_c/s320/1.png" width="215" /></a></div>
<div class="p1" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كل</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">تفصيلة</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">عالم</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">سركون</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بولص</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">تحتاج</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">إلى</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">حكاية</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وعدة</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كؤوس</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">على</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">شاهدة</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">قبره</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كاليفورنيا</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كتبوا</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">: “</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">سركون</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بولص</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> (</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">١٩٤٣</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">-</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">٢٠٠٧</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">) </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">أخ</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">محبوب</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وشاعر</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">آشوري</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">معروف،</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">مؤسس</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">قصيدة</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">النثر</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">العربية،</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ومترجم</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">شكسبير</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وعزرا</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">باوند</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وبابلو</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">نيرودا</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وجبران</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">خليل</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">جبران</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وآخرين</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">.“ </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كان</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">سركون</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">شحيحاً</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">شعره</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وكريماً</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ترجماته</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ترك</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">خلفه</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ست</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">مجموعات</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">شعرية</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وترجمات</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">لأكثر</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">من</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">١٣٠</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">شاعر</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">انطولوجيا</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> “</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">رقائم</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">لروح</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الكون</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">” </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">نجد</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">مجموعة</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كبيرة</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">من</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">هذه</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الترجمات</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">التي</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">أنجزها</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بين</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">١٩٦٤</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وحتى</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">مماته</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بدأ</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">سركون</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">النشر</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بغداد</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وبيروت</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">خلال</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ستينات</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">القرن</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الماضي</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">لكنه</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">لم</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">يكترث</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بالنشر</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">حتى</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">عام</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">١٩٨٥</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">عندما</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">أصدر</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ديوانه</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الأول</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> “</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الوصول</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">إلى</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">مدينة</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">أين</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">“ </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">عن</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">دار</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> “</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">سارق</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">النار</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">” </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">أثينا</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">والتي</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">لم</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">يعد</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">لها</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span class="s1" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وجود</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="p1" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بالاطلاع</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">على</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">محتويات</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الانطولوجيا،</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">نجد</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الشعراء</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">موزعين</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">حسب</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">مجموعاتهم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">اللغوية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">: </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">من</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الصينية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">واليابانية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">والهندية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">والبنغالية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">والتركية،</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ترجم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">سركون</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وانغ</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وي</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وتو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">فو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وباشو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وغالب</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وطاغور</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وشينكيشي</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">تاكاشي</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وناظم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">حكمت</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">من</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الانجليزية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ترجم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">شكسبير</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وبوب</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وبليك</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ووردسميث</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وشيلي</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وكيتس</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وآلن</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وويتمان</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وديكنسن</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وييتس</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ووالاس</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ستيفنيز</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وكارلوس</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ويليامز</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وباوند</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وماريان</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">موور</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وكونيتز</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وريتكه</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وكارل</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">شابيرو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وراندل</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">جاريل</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وجون</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بيريمان</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وغينسبيرغ</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وبوكوفسكي</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وليفيرتوف</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">واتيل</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">عدنان</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وآمونز</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وروبرت</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بلاي</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وميروين</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وساكستون</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وغريغوري</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كورسو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وديريك</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">والكوت</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وسيلفيا</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بلاث</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وماكلير</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وشيموس</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">هيني</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وغيرهم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وعن</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">لغات</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">أوروبية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">أخرى،</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ترجم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">سركون</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">رامبو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وماتشادو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وبيسوا</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ولوركا</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وفاييخو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وبورخيس</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ورفاييل</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ألبرتي</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ونيرودا</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وباز</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وهاينرش</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">هاينه</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وريلكه</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وبريخت</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وريتسوس</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وميلوش</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وفاسكو</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بوبا</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كان</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">سركون</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">يجيد</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">العربية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">والآرامية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الحديثة</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كلغتيه</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الأم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وتعلم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الإنجليزية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كلغة</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ثانية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كما</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كانت</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">له</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">محاولات</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">لتعلم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الفرنسية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">والألمانية</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">اعتمد</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">على</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">صنعته</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ومقارنات</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">بين</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">التراجم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">انجاز</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ترجماته</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">كما</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ترجم</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الشعر</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">إلى</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">الإنجليزية،</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">غالباً</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">لشعراء</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">عراقيين</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">وعرب</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">من</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">معاصريه</span><span class="s3" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="p2" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في<span class="s3"> </span>سنواته<span class="s3"> </span>الأخيرة،<span class="s3"> </span>انشغل<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>بتحضير<span class="s3"> </span>أعماله<span class="s3"> </span>للنشر<span class="s3"> </span>بعد<span class="s3"> </span>رحيله<span class="s3">. </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>٢٠٠٨،<span class="s3"> </span>صدرت<span class="s3"> </span>ترجمة<span class="s3"> “</span>النبي<span class="s3">“ </span>لجبران<span class="s3"> </span>خليل<span class="s3"> </span>جبران<span class="s3"> </span>لتكون<span class="s3"> </span>الترجمة<span class="s3"> </span>العربية<span class="s3"> </span>السابعة<span class="s3"> </span>لهذا<span class="s3"> </span>الكتاب<span class="s3">. </span>يرى<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>أن<span class="s3"> </span>جبران<span class="s3"> </span>هو<span class="s3"> </span>الأب<span class="s3"> </span>الغير<span class="s3"> </span>معلن<span class="s3"> </span>لقصيدة<span class="s3"> </span>النثر<span class="s3"> </span>العربية<span class="s3"> </span>وهو<span class="s3"> </span>الذي<span class="s3"> </span>لم<span class="s3"> </span>يجد<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>الأدب<span class="s3"> </span>العربي<span class="s3"> </span>آنذاك<span class="s3"> </span>مساحة<span class="s3"> </span>كافية<span class="s3"> </span>لهذا<span class="s3"> </span>العمل<span class="s3"> </span>الطموح<span class="s3">. </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>٢٠١٠،<span class="s3"> </span>خرج<span class="s3"> </span>اصدار<span class="s3"> “</span>شاحذ<span class="s3"> </span>السكاكين<span class="s3">” </span>بالإنجليزية<span class="s3"> </span>حيث<span class="s3"> </span>جمع<span class="s3"> </span>فيه<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>أجمل<span class="s3"> </span>قصائده<span class="s3"> </span>وقام<span class="s3"> </span>بترجمتها<span class="s3"> </span>إلى<span class="s3"> </span>الإنجليزية<span class="s3"> </span>بنفسه<span class="s3">. </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>٢٠١٢،<span class="s3"> </span>صدرت<span class="s3"> </span>ترجمته<span class="s3"> </span>لقصائد<span class="s3"> </span>أودن<span class="s3"> </span>متبعة<span class="s3"> </span>بترجمته<span class="s3"> </span>لقصائد<span class="s3"> </span>غينسبيرغ<span class="s3"> </span>بعدها<span class="s3"> </span>بعامين<span class="s3">. </span>وبهذه<span class="s3"> </span>المعرفة<span class="s3"> </span>الشاسعة<span class="s3"> </span>بالشعر<span class="s3"> </span>وممارسته<span class="s3"> </span>للشعر<span class="s3"> </span>عبر<span class="s3"> </span>الترجمة،<span class="s3"> </span>أسس<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>لشعرية<span class="s3"> </span>جديدة<span class="s3"> </span>طموحها<span class="s3"> </span>مستمرة<span class="s3">.</span></span></div>
<div class="p2" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في<span class="s3"> </span>قصائد<span class="s3"> </span>سركون،<span class="s3"> </span>نلحظ<span class="s3"> </span>وجود<span class="s3"> “</span>الشاعر<span class="s3">-</span>المترجم<span class="s3">” </span>متجسداً<span class="s3"> </span>بشخصية<span class="s3"> </span>الغريب<span class="s3"> </span>الذي<span class="s3"> </span>مادام<span class="s3"> </span>يرحل<span class="s3"> </span>ويصل<span class="s3"> </span>إلا<span class="s3"> </span>أن<span class="s3"> </span>ذكرياته<span class="s3"> </span>عن<span class="s3"> </span>الرحلة<span class="s3"> </span>دائماً<span class="s3"> </span>ما<span class="s3"> </span>تكون<span class="s3"> </span>مشوشة<span class="s3">. </span>يبدأ<span class="s3"> </span>القصيدة<span class="s3"> </span>بصيغة<span class="s3"> </span>المخاطب،<span class="s3"> </span>الشاعر<span class="s3"> </span>أو<span class="s3"> </span>المنفي،<span class="s3"> </span>ثم<span class="s3"> </span>ينتقل<span class="s3"> </span>لصيغة<span class="s3"> </span>الغائب،<span class="s3"> </span>القارئ<span class="s3"> </span>أو<span class="s3"> </span>الشاهد<span class="s3"> </span>أو<span class="s3"> </span>رفيق<span class="s3"> </span>الرحلة<span class="s3">. </span>كثيراً<span class="s3"> </span>ما<span class="s3"> </span>يستدعي<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>رحلة<span class="s3"> </span>خروجه<span class="s3"> </span>من<span class="s3"> </span>العراق،<span class="s3"> </span>هارباً<span class="s3"> </span>عبر<span class="s3"> </span>الصحراء،<span class="s3"> </span>بتفاصيلها<span class="s3"> </span>الدقيقة<span class="s3"> </span>لتبقى<span class="s3"> </span>هي<span class="s3"> </span>الرحلة<span class="s3"> </span>الوحيدة<span class="s3"> </span>الواضحة<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>مخيلته<span class="s3">. </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>قصيدة<span class="s3"> “</span>الذاهب<span class="s3"> </span>إلى<span class="s3"> </span>المكان<span class="s3">” </span>المنشورة<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>ديوان<span class="s3"> “</span>إذا<span class="s3"> </span>كنت<span class="s3"> </span>نائماً<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>مركب<span class="s3"> </span>نوح<span class="s3">” </span>عام<span class="s3"> </span>١٩٩٨،<span class="s3"> </span>بإمكان<span class="s3"> </span>الواحد<span class="s3"> </span>أن<span class="s3"> </span>يلحظ<span class="s3"> </span>غياب<span class="s3"> </span>الرحلة<span class="s3"> </span>بين<span class="s3"> </span>المقطعين<span class="s3"> </span>الأول<span class="s3"> </span>والثاني<span class="s3">. </span>كمن<span class="s3"> </span>شفي<span class="s3"> </span>واستيقظ،<span class="s3"> </span>يعود<span class="s3"> </span>الغريب<span class="s3"> </span>من<span class="s3"> </span>الموت،<span class="s3"> </span>لاهثاً<span class="s3"> </span>ومطارداً،<span class="s3"> </span>ليعاود<span class="s3"> </span>الظهور<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>أماكن<span class="s3"> </span>نائية<span class="s3">. </span>ظهوره<span class="s3"> </span>المفاجئ<span class="s3"> </span>هو<span class="s3"> </span>انتقامه<span class="s3"> </span>الوحيد،<span class="s3"> </span>لذا<span class="s3"> </span>يعاود<span class="s3"> </span>الوصول،<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>هيئة،<span class="s3"> </span>مكان،<span class="s3"> </span>ساحة<span class="s3">. </span>مستمر<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>العبور،<span class="s3"> </span>قلق<span class="s3"> </span>من<span class="s3"> </span>الذاكرة،<span class="s3"> </span>لكنه<span class="s3"> </span>راض<span class="s3"> </span>عن<span class="s3"> </span>أنصاف<span class="s3"> </span>النهايات<span class="s3">.</span></span></div>
<div class="p2" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">إن<span class="s3"> </span>ترجمة<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>لقصيدته<span class="s3"> </span>غاية<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>البراعة<span class="s3"> </span>فهو<span class="s3"> </span>يعرف<span class="s3"> </span>ما<span class="s3"> </span>تتطلبه<span class="s3"> </span>الـ<span class="s3"> “</span>دويندي<span class="s3">” </span>خاصته<span class="s3"> (</span>أو<span class="s3"> </span>لعبته<span class="s3"> </span>الشعرية<span class="s3">) </span>خارج<span class="s3"> </span>بيتها<span class="s3">. </span>السطر<span class="s3"> </span>الافتتاحي<span class="s3"> </span>يأتي<span class="s3"> </span>مقتضباً<span class="s3"> </span>بالعربية<span class="s3"> </span>ومفصلاً<span class="s3"> </span>بالإنجليزية،<span class="s3"> </span>المخدة<span class="s3"> </span>الحجرية<span class="s3"> </span>تصبح<span class="s3"> </span>حجراً<span class="s3"> </span>غريباً<span class="s3"> </span>وجده<span class="s3"> </span>تحت<span class="s3"> </span>رأسه<span class="s3">. </span>والمشية<span class="s3"> </span>إلى<span class="s3"> </span>باب<span class="s3"> </span>الجحيم<span class="s3"> </span>مجرد<span class="s3"> </span>عبور<span class="s3"> </span>بالعربية<span class="s3"> </span>لكنها<span class="s3"> </span>خطوات<span class="s3"> </span>متسارعة<span class="s3"> </span>بالإنجليزية<span class="s3">. </span>أما<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>تقطيعة<span class="s3"> </span>القصيدة،<span class="s3"> </span>نجد<span class="s3"> </span>أن<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>يترنح<span class="s3"> </span>بين<span class="s3"> </span>حركتين<span class="s3">. </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>قصيدة<span class="s3"> </span>النثر<span class="s3"> </span>العربية،<span class="s3"> </span>تقطيعة<span class="s3"> </span>القصيدة<span class="s3"> </span>وتراقيمها<span class="s3"> </span>غير<span class="s3"> </span>منظمة،<span class="s3"> </span>لذا<span class="s3"> </span>غالباً<span class="s3"> </span>ما<span class="s3"> </span>ينتهي<span class="s3"> </span>السطر<span class="s3"> </span>بقطعة<span class="s3"> </span>مكتملة<span class="s3"> </span>من<span class="s3"> </span>صورة<span class="s3"> </span>أو<span class="s3"> </span>مشهد<span class="s3"> </span>أو<span class="s3"> </span>فكرة<span class="s3">. </span>تشبه<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>حركتها<span class="s3"> </span>المشي<span class="s3"> </span>أعلى<span class="s3"> </span>السلم<span class="s3"> </span>مع<span class="s3"> </span>التقاط<span class="s3"> </span>أنفاس<span class="s3"> </span>قصيرة<span class="s3">. </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>الترجمة،<span class="s3"> </span>لا<span class="s3"> </span>يقوم<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>باتباع<span class="s3"> </span>تقطيعة<span class="s3"> </span>القصيدة<span class="s3"> </span>كما<span class="s3"> </span>هو<span class="s3"> </span>متعارف<span class="s3"> </span>عليه<span class="s3"> </span>بالإنجليزية،<span class="s3"> </span>إلا<span class="s3"> </span>أنه<span class="s3"> </span>يحافظ<span class="s3"> </span>على<span class="s3"> </span>أسلوبها<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>تمكين<span class="s3"> </span>الاستمرارية،<span class="s3"> </span>أو<span class="s3"> </span>وعد<span class="s3"> </span>الترقب<span class="s3">.</span></span></div>
<div class="p2" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">في<span class="s3"> </span>ترجمته<span class="s3"> </span>لقصيدة<span class="s3"> “</span>انظر<span class="s3"> </span>أيها<span class="s3"> </span>الغريب<span class="s3">“ </span>لأودن<span class="s3"> </span>يلعب<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>على<span class="s3"> </span>تراتبية<span class="s3"> </span>الصور<span class="s3"> </span>ليحافظ<span class="s3"> </span>على<span class="s3"> </span>هذا<span class="s3"> </span>الوعد<span class="s3"> </span>وهو<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>صميم<span class="s3"> </span>صنعة<span class="s3"> </span>أودن<span class="s3">. </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>الإنجليزية،<span class="s3"> </span>على<span class="s3"> </span>عكس<span class="s3"> </span>اللغات<span class="s3"> </span>السامية،<span class="s3"> </span>تغلب<span class="s3"> </span>الجمل<span class="s3"> </span>الاسمية<span class="s3">. </span>وبذا<span class="s3"> </span>يتعمد<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> </span>تأجيل<span class="s3"> “</span>الغريب<span class="s3">“ </span>و<span class="s3">“</span>الضياء<span class="s3">“ </span>بعد<span class="s3"> “</span>انظر<span class="s3">“ </span>و<span class="s3">“</span>يجلوها<span class="s3">“. </span>كما<span class="s3"> </span>يقوم<span class="s3"> </span>المترجم<span class="s3"> </span>بإضافة<span class="s3"> </span>فواصل<span class="s3"> </span>على<span class="s3"> </span>قصيدة<span class="s3"> </span>أودن<span class="s3"> </span>ليحاكي<span class="s3"> </span>ايقاعه<span class="s3"> </span>البطيء<span class="s3"> </span>والأفقي<span class="s3">. </span>يكتب<span class="s3"> </span>سركون<span class="s3"> “</span>حيث<span class="s3"> </span>كان<span class="s3"> </span>شعراء<span class="s3"> </span>المودرنزم<span class="s3"> [</span>باوند<span class="s3"> </span>وإليوت<span class="s3"> </span>بخاصّة<span class="s3">[ </span>يستعملون<span class="s3"> </span>الشكل<span class="s3"> </span>الجديد<span class="s3"> </span>للحديث<span class="s3"> </span>عن<span class="s3"> </span>حتمية<span class="s3"> </span>التاريخ،<span class="s3"> </span>تبنّى<span class="s3"> </span>كلّ<span class="s3"> </span>من<span class="s3"> </span>أودن<span class="s3"> </span>وبريخت<span class="s3"> </span>أشكالاً<span class="s3"> </span>تقليدية<span class="s3"> </span>للحديث<span class="s3"> </span>عن<span class="s3"> </span>الحريّة<span class="s3"> </span>والاختيار<span class="s3">. </span>وسّع<span class="s3"> </span>كلاهما<span class="s3"> </span>مجال<span class="s3"> </span>التعبير<span class="s3"> </span>ليطال<span class="s3"> </span>محتوى<span class="s3"> </span>واستشراف<span class="s3"> </span>التحليل<span class="s3"> </span>التاريخي<span class="s3">.“ </span>وكمن<span class="s3"> </span>يخاطب<span class="s3"> </span>الغريب<span class="s3"> </span>في<span class="s3"> </span>قصيدة<span class="s3"> </span>سركون،<span class="s3"> </span>يقوم<span class="s3"> </span>أودن<span class="s3"> </span>بتذكيره<span class="s3"> </span>بالرحلة،<span class="s3"> </span>بمرور<span class="s3"> </span>الوقت<span class="s3"> </span>وذبوله،<span class="s3"> </span>والحضور<span class="s3"> </span>المستقر<span class="s3"> </span>للعناصر<span class="s3"> </span>جميعها<span class="s3">. </span>كلا<span class="s3"> </span>الغريبان<span class="s3"> </span>مشغولان<span class="s3"> </span>بالوصول<span class="s3"> </span>والذاكرة<span class="s3">: </span>أحدهما<span class="s3"> </span>شبح<span class="s3"> </span>يرتعد<span class="s3"> </span>من<span class="s3"> </span>ذاكرته<span class="s3"> </span>المحطمة<span class="s3"> </span>والآخر<span class="s3"> </span>بحار<span class="s3"> </span>ينتظر<span class="s3"> </span>التقاط<span class="s3"> </span>اللحظة. </span></div>
<div class="p1" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><i>* نُشرت هذه المقدمة في مجلة <a href="http://www.specimen.press/dossier/sargon-boulus-poet-translator/">Specimen: The Babel Review of Translations</a></i></span></div>
Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-26108672946985366492019-11-24T10:55:00.003-08:002019-11-24T10:56:18.092-08:00Imprisoned Windows<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-520081665 -1073717157 41 0 66047 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Garamond;
panose-1:2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 8 3;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-hyphenate:none;
text-autospace:ideograph-other;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-font-kerning:1.5pt;}
p.Standard, li.Standard, div.Standard
{mso-style-name:Standard;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
mso-hyphenate:none;
text-autospace:ideograph-other;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-font-kerning:1.5pt;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-font-kerning:1.5pt;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:ideograph-other;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:none;
text-autospace:ideograph-other;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-font-kerning:1.5pt;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="Standard">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0y_0D4QNLISppYiRV4k-RA-hN94_3lJ5W1pleFYYHYvllH7s_LShrqxaqU9QFoDn04mDQy7jqBoPptBBMSDKloG1ZljPjCS8XKdj3wHtjxKWJZAciPKoC4e02748aiPFvMAsGEp3wNc/s1600/EJLhlYQWwAA4cad.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0y_0D4QNLISppYiRV4k-RA-hN94_3lJ5W1pleFYYHYvllH7s_LShrqxaqU9QFoDn04mDQy7jqBoPptBBMSDKloG1ZljPjCS8XKdj3wHtjxKWJZAciPKoC4e02748aiPFvMAsGEp3wNc/s320/EJLhlYQWwAA4cad.jpeg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">One time when I
was a bookseller<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I took over the
store window<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">and stacked books
by poets in prison.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The owner came in
and wrote <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">CURRENTLY
IMPRISONED<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">“this way it gives
me the shivers,”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">she said.
Surrounding their books<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">with walls and
columns, she drew<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">grey windows and
crossed out days <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">in detention, much
less than <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">what they have
actually spent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I wanted to make a
window <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">for my imprisoned
friend, and friends<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">of others. At
night, they offer a mirror <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">to strangers, in
daylight, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">they
glitter blinded.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Four weeks had
passed as we continued <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">to work behind the
display wall— I couldn’t tell <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">when the postman
stopped by, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">or when the drunk
dude came in <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">to jerk off in the
History section,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I couldn’t scan
the many toned bodies <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">coming by<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">It was tough at
first, but eventually we forgot<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">about the light,
the sidewalk, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">and the FOMOs
typical of warm days.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Only later was I
reminded<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">that the wall is
still of glass <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">as I watched the
currently-imprisoned <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">poets being
escorted <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">out of their
window. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Standard">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , serif;">* Published in the 60th anniversary issue of <a href="http://ambitmagazine.co.uk/issues/238">Ambit Magazine</a> - London. </span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-47608152421850609752019-11-06T15:32:00.000-08:002019-11-06T15:33:53.956-08:00FEMME GHOSTS إناث الأشباح Vrouwelijke Geesten<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYVD6ONhsRy2KS5mvWgRveNCFVYR2frCg4nz9UshRkkHYGrGJPW6sUf0Jf_7WNt-uTNVJLcK8kVDPhE-uLlN2baFgXSsLs2UwDf93Ic7oTUPhT79umqN2YjijI48Ya3Y3GT2T2e6uuFn0/s1600/75339709_10157802525502020_6524109417737093120_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1592" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYVD6ONhsRy2KS5mvWgRveNCFVYR2frCg4nz9UshRkkHYGrGJPW6sUf0Jf_7WNt-uTNVJLcK8kVDPhE-uLlN2baFgXSsLs2UwDf93Ic7oTUPhT79umqN2YjijI48Ya3Y3GT2T2e6uuFn0/s400/75339709_10157802525502020_6524109417737093120_o.jpg" width="396" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
This poetry pamphlet is now available in EN/Ar/DE from Publication Studio - Fall 2019 </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.publicationstudio.biz/books/femme-ghosts/">https://www.publicationstudio.biz/books/femme-ghosts/</a> </div>
Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-81774800153431819802019-11-06T15:26:00.002-08:002019-11-06T15:34:32.140-08:00Eulogies for Futures to come مرثيات مستقبلية<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fIE6mALIaCE" width="560"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="style-scope ytd-expander" id="content" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;">
<div class="style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer" id="description" slot="content" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; max-width: 615px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Mona Kareem & Metropole Orkest</span><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">50th Poetry International Festival Rotterdam,</span><br />
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">De Doelen, 13th June 2019</span> </div>
</div>
</div>
Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-81523575357994569652019-06-27T11:58:00.003-07:002019-06-27T11:59:05.359-07:00The Feminist Novel is on the Rise in the Arab Gulf: An Interview With Mona Kareem<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfytRKyOr8lbYgTphAXJpDnSKyXcBsXtYj4HQVXz7K0ubsnLH3Vdh7FvQo4NMcmZ3iDV_jtjG8bIM4Q8x4qF_D6Hdr6XgrcgH_-Liq4ilcHQG8DgDg4bT4s4FAV9c3oqUdMDbVMHqweZY/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfytRKyOr8lbYgTphAXJpDnSKyXcBsXtYj4HQVXz7K0ubsnLH3Vdh7FvQo4NMcmZ3iDV_jtjG8bIM4Q8x4qF_D6Hdr6XgrcgH_-Liq4ilcHQG8DgDg4bT4s4FAV9c3oqUdMDbVMHqweZY/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(c) Manal Husain</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<i>Mona Kareem is the author of three poetry collections in Arabic, a translator, and a literary scholar whose research is offering new critical perspectives on feminist novels in the Arab Gulf. She is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the Forum Transregionale Studien in Berlin. In this interview with Salwa Benaissa, Kareem discusses her ongoing study, Good Mothers, Bad Sisters: Arab Women Writers in the Nation.</i><br />
<br />
“I’m trying to introduce intersectionality as a way of analyzing [Arabic literature],” begins Kareem. Intersectional feminism, a term first coined by American scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989 and the buzzword of the moment, acknowledges factors in women’s oppression besides gender such as race, class, or ethnicity. Over the past decade, the concept has gained ground in mainstream discourse, but Kareem believes intersectional theory has yet to be embraced in the Gulf, or in analyses of Arabic literature at large. “[Feminism] has to be inherently anti-racist,” Kareem tells me. “This is an idea we haven’t been engaging with in Arab feminism.”<br />
<br />
In the early 2000s, as geopolitical upheaval swept over the Gulf region, a cultural shift was underway in the literary world. Against a backdrop of 9/11 and the Iraq War, the feminist novel began to experience a renaissance. “The liberalization era that happened in the Arab Gulf and Saudi Arabia in particular came at the very time the Internet became accessible,” says Kareem. “This is when novels like Girls of Riyadh [were] published.” Described as the Saudi Sex and the City, the best-seller by blogger-turned-novelist Rajaa Alsanea was published in 2005 and sparked a flurry of similar titles across the region, such as The Others by Saba al-Hirz or Immoral Women by Samar al-Muqrin, all one-time best-selling novels for their respective authors.<br />
<br />
While Kareem’s research focuses on contemporary feminist novels from the Arab Gulf, she approaches these as part of the larger feminist lineage in Arabic literature. The novel as a literary form has served as a space for feminist theorizing and influenced public discourse throughout the history of Arab feminism. “If you are studying the Arab Gulf, you will notice that even [scholars in] sociology and political science go back to the novel. All of our first-wave [and] second-wave feminists were novelists.” Trailblazers from the 1960s and 70’s include Fatima Mernissi from Morocco, and Latifa al-Zayyat and Nawal El Saadawi from Egypt. Unlike these North African authors, contemporary women writers from the Arab Gulf have shown more interest in stories of marginalized groups than in middle-class subjectivities.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
“My starting point was when I realized I take for granted feminist solidarity. I’m personally a stateless woman,” says Kareem, who is part of the Bidoon population of Kuwait, which did not receive citizenship when the nation gained independence in 1961 and whose members remain unrecognized as citizens by the state, suffering major discrimination as a result. “All my life I saw how other women opposed [the idea] that women pass citizenship on to their kids. They always wanted equality to be catered to certain groups of women. When we talk about ‘Arab women,’ we usually talk about a certain class of women-citizens.”<br />
<br />
One of the more significant flaws in contemporary feminist literature of the Arab Gulf is a tendency to mirror oppressive realities rather than challenge them. Kareem—who has looked at dozens of novels by authors from across the Arab Gulf, such as Badriya Al-Bishr from Saudi Arabia, Ghalia Al-Said and Fatima al-Shidi from Oman, and Fawziyya al-Salem from Kuwait— points to the prevalence of social realism in Arabic fiction and its tendency to reduce literature to a medium reproducing reality as is, often without making the necessary intervention expected of the creative medium. Within this aesthetic, we find the recurring notion of “impossible love” between an Arab woman and her Black lover as a staging of sociopolitical issues; the traumatic experiences of Black women slaves become tools to measure the extreme extents of gender violence. This occurs against the backdrop of an almost complete failure to deal with immigrant populations in a region where the bulk of the working class is composed of noncitizens, mostly from South Asia and East Africa.<br />
<br />
“I call it ‘colonial romance fiction,’ because I noticed it does not fully capture the complexity of this encounter,” says Kareem. “Sometimes it is only limited to how the citizen-woman feels in a situation because if she was a free woman then she would be marrying this Black man, or this South Asian man. Racism against her lover is [presented as] sexism against her. It subsequently becomes a variation on the master-and-slave relation.” In al-Salem’s novel The Ship Lords (1998), for example, the story of a kidnapped African woman sold into slavery in Kuwait becomes a story of romance as the slave forgets her homeland, and starts a family with her master, embracing her Kuwaiti identity. “In this sense," notes Kareem, "the love story is meant to scapegoat the slave woman in order to achieve an empty reconciliation with that near history of slavery.”<br />
<br />
The majority of these books fall into the genre of social realism or, more recently, historical fiction. “I think if you want to write either genre, you need to be politically thoughtful and ambitious,” says Kareem. “You cannot just talk about slavery and labor migration by talking about representation or, even worse, reducing the scope of these experiences to aspects of daily struggle with no history or trajectory. That’s not enough.”<br />
<br />
One reason this happens, Kareem believes, is that literary audiences are not holding writers accountable. “There’s such a patronizing approach to these women writers. Male critics would champion a story of female rebellion by a woman writer even if it meant overlooking nationalist and racist rhetoric in her work." One example is Taiba al-Ibrahim’s Diary of a Servant (1995), which depicts a sociopathic South Asian man in love with his Kuwaiti boss; he ends up marrying her after her memory loss following the shock of losing her daughter in the Gulf War. “The story is meant to depict the migrant as a traitor and rapist during the Gulf War, through an allegory of the nation as a vulnerable woman. But male critics were only able to see a female protagonist breaking taboos by marrying her servant, even without her initial consent.”<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Photo Credit: Manal Husai<br />
<br />
If one were looking for guidance, an example of writing against the neocolonialist grain, it might be found in Kareem's own work. One poem titled "Kumari," from the Arabic collection What I Sleep for Today, addresses a fictional migrant worker. It responds to a grand scale of abuse against migrant domestic workers in the Gulf who are made to work under slavelike conditions, with some recent disturbing cases having been reported by international media.<br />
<br />
“I just capture[d] the details of her experience as I observed it in Kuwait,” says Kareem about her poem. “How [domestic workers] escape houses, how they are abused, how they are given [false] names.” The poem ends by calling upon Kumari to kill her masters, which led critics to accuse Kareem of inciting violence. “Sometimes, I like to adopt an extremist writing style because I believe [it] allows for this push to think from the margins,” says Kareem. “You can only do that if you make your reader uncomfortable.”<br />
<br />
In 2013, an English translation of the poem was reprinted by the magazine Jadaliyya alongside “Manifesto Against the Woman,” another controversial text by Kareem which she wrote “to break down this monolithic group[ing] of The Arab Woman, and how harmful it is.” In "Manifesto," Kareem writes: “I write against the Woman who thinks brazenly that we are one. She, whose behind perches upon the comfortable chair of citizenship, class, and race.” Both the poem and the manifesto have since been taught in universities and used by South Asian activists.<br />
<br />
Kareem seeks to single out writers whose work she believes pushes against tired tropes. One writer she admires is Saudi novelist Laila al-Johani, who uses the Islamic canon as a springboard for talking about racism and sexism in her 2007 novel Days of Ignorance. She also commends Al-Bishr for her novel The Seesaw, as yet untranslated into English, which follows the first generation of Saudi women to transition from the desert to urban life. Of their male counterparts, Kareem mentions Aziz Mohammed from Saudi Arabia and Mortada Gzar from Iraq, who offer fresh perspectives on cultural masculinity.<br />
<br />
Part of the larger problem, Kareem believes, is that there remains a disparity between women and men in the Arab publishing industry. “There’s a gap, there’s no platform for us, even though there’s a readership and a huge number of women writers. Nobody thought, ‘OK, I will make a press that invests in women’s literature,’” Kareem told me. “Even though the feminist novel [is] on the rise, it’s best-selling, it went beyond being literature into public, intellectual, and political activism, so you would think there is a financial opportunity.”<br />
<br />
It all comes back to the politics of writing. “A lot of women writers or publishers, they think of feminism as an accusation,” says Kareem. “But I think after Jokha al-Harthi’s Booker win, Arab women writers will be offered better opportunities, beyond demands from the state or from the West for a fiction that can be tokenized.”<br />
<br />
<br />
<i>** By Salwa Benaissa</i><br />
<i>This interview was published in <a href="https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/the-feminist-novel-is-on-the-rise-in-the-arab-gulf-an-interview-with-mona-k">Words Without Borders</a></i><br />
<br />Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-35619708423936266802019-06-06T11:52:00.001-07:002022-11-24T16:23:04.720-08:00The Mingus Poems<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghrs0wwHN0wDnfpSPWitYhB-gkjKQF62NAuZkjOdtpPX_7b9tVLTxj-LZs37racHdbUNdOPqf-DB4fQ18U7tLQ5WtdjsBWwypzSHDkQIzey98Zsv7fexRSRXk7NcAoXmdf1PC4gM_7AyQ/s1600/charles_mingus_oh_yeah.original.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1300" data-original-width="1310" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghrs0wwHN0wDnfpSPWitYhB-gkjKQF62NAuZkjOdtpPX_7b9tVLTxj-LZs37racHdbUNdOPqf-DB4fQ18U7tLQ5WtdjsBWwypzSHDkQIzey98Zsv7fexRSRXk7NcAoXmdf1PC4gM_7AyQ/s320/charles_mingus_oh_yeah.original.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""cousine" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #393737; font-size: 11px;">Loring Eutemey, album artwork for Charles Mingus, </span><em style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #393737; font-family: Cousine, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">Oh Yeah</em><span face=""cousine" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #393737; font-size: 11px;">, 1961. Atlantic</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
CHARLES MINGUS EGGNOG RECIPE<br />
<br />
<br />
Separate one egg for one person. Each person gets an egg. <br />
Two sugars for each egg, each person. <br />
One shot of rum, one shot of brandy per person. <br />
Put all the yolks into one big pan, with some milk. <br />
That’s where the 151 proof rum goes.<br />
Put it in gradually or it’ll burn the eggs, <br />
OK. The whites are separate and the cream is separate.<br />
In another pot— depending on how many people— put in one shot of each, rum and brandy. <br />
This is after you whip your whites and your cream. <br />
Pour it over the top of the milk and yolks. <br />
One teaspoon of sugar. Brandy and rum. <br />
Actually you mix it all together. <br />
Yes, a lot of nutmeg. Fresh nutmeg. And stir it up. <br />
You don’t need ice cream unless you’ve got people coming and you need to keep it cold. <br />
Vanilla ice cream. You can use eggnog. I use vanilla ice cream. <br />
Right, taste for flavor. Bourbon? I use Jamaica Rum in there. Jamaican Rums. Or I’ll put rye in it. Scotch. It depends. <br />
See, it depends on how drunk I get while I’m tasting it!<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
MINGUS MINGUS MINGUS MINGUS MINGUS<br />
<br />
<br />
Many things I can hate on a jazz musician for. One, for instance, is his mastery of the third-person narrative: <br />
Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus <br />
Mingus in Wonderland <br />
Mingus Moves <br />
Mingus Ah Um <br />
Mingus exclamation mark <br />
Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus<br />
<br />
Two, naming half of the songs after his comrades, or a friend’s pork-pie hat.<br />
<br />
Three, having 7-word long titles and as many diss tracks.<br />
<br />
Four, marrying four white women in a row.<br />
<br />
Five, dividing his music into five personas and three eras, one of them gets evicted.<br />
<br />
This is when he cries, leaves his rifles aside, does what survivors do best, considers his tragedy something for the better while still wiping his tears. Yes i pledge allegiance, i pledge allegiance to the white flag, to your flag, to the flag of the United States of America, without the stripes and stars. yeah i pledge allegiance.<br />
<br />
All the things you are have the chill of death, a black saint in need of his sinner lady, the devil woman coz an angel woman don’t mean no good. A west-coast ghost east-coasting whose lover’s soul is imperfection. Even when fat, arms strong, shoulders wide, dimple deep. Let the children hear his music, don’t be afraid, the clown is afraid too.<br />
<br />
I’m getting better i promise, thrice upon a theme, jump monk, it’s a percussion discussion, a minor intrusion, a lovebird reincarnating. Oh am I getting sentimental for you. This is myself when am real. Better get hit in your soul than get hit by an atomic bomb.<br />
<br />
Wham bam, thank you Ma’am.<br />
it’s just a prayer for passive resistance, <br />
please don’t come back from the moon.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ALL THE THINGS YOU COULD BE BY NOW IF SIGMUND FREUD'S WIFE WAS YOUR MOTHER<br />
<br />
<br />
So basically, Sigmund married the woman of his dreams, his mother– they say she was slim and charming (how charming you’ve got to be for Freud!) Martha is the name of my mother, she is also the woman of my dreams. If I take after my dad’s luck, I might find a Martha, and give birth to a Martha, and live happily ever after.<br />
<br />
What does this proposition mean anyways? Nothing. It means nothing. It just means that men never forgive their mothers. Baudelaire was forever wounded when his mother remarried. Coming back from a trip with his step-father, he bought her earrings.<br />
<br />
Earrings!<br />
<br />
When men have nothing to say, when they want to change the subject without shedding blood, they talk about their mommy and daddy. Ludic & ludicrous. Daddy being the master, mommy being every woman they can punch without getting grounded.<br />
<br />
Wounding words and outrageous images. At most, a man gets to recite his anxiety, fix his posture, disperse what he knows with what he needs. Only in such family talk, it is safe to play and be played.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<i>* These three cut-up poems appeared in the june 2019 issue of the <a href="https://brooklynrail.org/2019/06/poetry/from-THE-MINGUS-POEMS">Brooklyn Rail</a>. I drew from the biography of Mingus, his album titles, as well as his words in the documentary film "Mingus in Greenwich Village." </i><div><i>"Ludic and Ludicrous" is in reference to Hortense Spillers's text on Mingus of the same title "All the Things..." </i></div>Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-31410367972409705942019-05-18T04:22:00.001-07:002019-05-18T04:22:09.908-07:00الأدب العربي والآخر الأفريقي<div style="direction: rtl;">
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
بعدما انتقلتُ للدراسة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، عملتُ باحثة تحت إشراف المفكر والباحث الكيني الراحل علي مزروعي. في تلك المرحلة من حياته، كان مزروعي قد يأس من الأحلام العروبية والأفريقية معًا ، ليتبنى هوية إسلامية فضفاضة بدلًا عنها. لكن في عام 1992، كان مزروعي قد قدم المقترح التالي: «درس الفرنسيون ذات مرة علاقتهم الخاصة بأفريقيا وتوصلوا إلى مفهوم (أوروأفريقيا) Eurafrica كأساس لتعاون ذي طبيعة خاصة. في المقابل، علينا دراسة العلاقة الخاصة، الأقدم تاريخيًا، بين أفريقيا والعالم العربي لنطلق عليها (أفرابيا Afrabia).»</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
وجدت في مقترح مزروعي دعوة طموحة وملحة، لأدرس في بحثي الأكاديمي الأدب العربي الحديث لتقديم قراءة لعلاقات العرق والهوية في المنطقة حيث يشكل تاريخ العبودية والأفرو-عرب جزءًا كبيرًا من تاريخها. قد يسمح مقترح (أفرابيا) للأفارقة بإعادة النظر في تاريخ الإمبراطورية الإسلامية الطويل في أفريقيا، وتقاطعاته اللاحقة مع المشروعات الاستعمارية التي جعلت من العرب والجنوب-آسيويين أسيادًا في أفريقيا، فضلًا عن تاريخنا المشترك في النضال ضد الاستعمار وطموحاتنا المتقاطعة ضد الرأسمالية. أما بالنسبة للعرب، فإن (أفرابيا) تأتي كدعوة ضرورية لمراجعة طال انتظارها للتاريخ واللغة والآداب والفنون التي تتعامل مع أفريقيا والسود والأفرو-عرب من منظور رجعي وعنصري.</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
في مارس الماضي، نظم «بيت الرواية» المنشأ حديثًا في تونس مؤتمره السنوي الثاني للرواية العربية. واتخذ المؤتمر الذي استمر ثلاثة أيام عنوان «قضايا البشرة السوداء» مدفوعًا بـ «الوعي السياسي للجماهير الشابة في جميع أنحاء العالم العربي» وبحضور عشرات الروائيين والنقاد العرب. استغربت عنوان المؤتمر وتساءلت كيف وصل المنظمون لهذا الوصف غير المألوف، بدلًا من عنوان مثل «قضايا السود» أو «قضايا الأفرو-عرب»، إلا أن الصياغة لم تأت من فراغ.</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
يبدو العرب، على غرار أساتذتهم في الغرب، مشغولين بلون البشرة ومُثُل الجمال والتمثيلات البصرية عند مناقشة العنصرية ومعاداة السود؛ وبذلك يعبرون عن هلعهم العرقي المقتصر على لون البشرة، وكأن العنصرية ضد السود ليس لها تاريخ، أو جذور، أو تطورات تتجاوز الوصمة الملحق بالبشرة، أو الخطاب المحيط بها.</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
عندما أستخدم هنا مصطلح «أفرو-عربي» فهي استعارة من فضاء لغة أمريكية مسيسة، وليس باعتباره مصطلحًا يتبناه المثقفون العرب أو يفكرون فيه حتى. إنه مصطلح تجده في الأوساط الأكاديمية الأمريكية، لكنه غائب عن الأدب العربي والحوارات السياسية. على الهامش الإلكتروني نجد مؤخرًا شبابًا من شرق وشمال أفريقيا يعودون إلى أفريقيتهم في تعبير عن رفض للعروبة، متعللين بالعنصرية العربية وسياساتها الإقصائية كأسباب للتملص من ذاك الرابط التاريخي مع العرب. وقد وفرت الانتفاضتان الجزائرية والسودانية الراهنة أمثلة على ذلك.</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
من متابعتي لتغطيات المؤتمر، لاحظتُ الفوضى التي اتسمت بها ندواته حيث الخلط بين العرق والعنصرية والعبودية وأفريقيا والسواد كمترادفات متماثلة. جاءت اللغة المُستخدمة والحوارات الدائرة على مستوً مخجل، فلم يحاول أحد هؤلاء الاستعانة ببعض من الخيال أو الدقة والحساسية في استخدامهم المتكرر لوصف غريب وإشكالي مثل «أصحاب البشرة السوداء». يتحدثون عن «ألم الرجل الأسود» وكأنه مجرد استعارة أدبية، ألم يجاور ألمنا العربي، مسألة حقوق إنسان، وكأننا لسنا بحاجة إلى النقد الذاتي وتحريك اللغة وتنقيب التاريخ، باتجاه حراك تحرري تضامني.</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
يلاحظ الواحد كيف يتعامل الكتاب العرب، ومن بينهم كتاب شمال وشرق إفريقيا، مع أفريقيا باعتبارها الآخر؛ وكأن القارة ذات الحدود الواضحة أصعب على مخيلتهم من «العالم العربي» الذي اختلقه الفرنسيون لتخطفه القومية العربية لاحقًا. كما أنهم يتعاملون مع ثقافات وتجارب السود وكأنها كتلة واحدة، من زنجبار ولاغوس وحتى هافانا وديترويت.</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
نلاحظ أيضًا أن نقطة التقاء العربي بثقافات الأفرو، وحتى ضمن الأدب العربي والفكر السياسي، مرتبط بالأمريكيتين وفرنسا، أكثر من أفريقيا ذاتها. نجد أن الترجمات والمراجع أو المُداخلات اليسارية، وحتى بالنسبة للأفرو-عرب من الكتاب، تتجه إلى كتابات إيمي سيزار وفرانز فانون، فضلًا عن الأدب الأفرو-أمريكي وحركة الحقوق المدنية.</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
أثناء المؤتمر، صرح الكاتب السوداني-المصري طارق الطيب في حوار تلفزيوني أننا «ما زلنا نتعامل مع السود بطريقة نمطية، خاصة في الأفلام. حيث يتم تقديمهم وربطهم بوظائف معينة دائمًا»، في إشارة لأدوار الخدم. استغربت كيف اختار كاتب عربي أسود الضميرين (نحن وهم) في هذه الجملة، أو لربما هنالك «نحن» صغيرة ضمن «نحن» كبيرة! أشير إلى هذا التصريح بحكم تواجد عدد كبير من الكتاب السود، من بينهم سلوى بكر (مصر)، حمور زيادة ومنصور الصويم (السودان)، حجي جابر (إريتريا)، ومحمود تراوري (السعودية).</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
لم تكن تدخلاتهم مركزية، ولم تختلف لغتهم عن الخطاب السائد للمؤتمر، كما لم يُدع أحدهم ليكون ضيف الشرف، لأن الاختيار وقع لسبب ما على اللبناني إلياس خوري. في محاضرته، صرح خوري ذو السبعين عامًا أن «العبودية لم تنته، لأننا جميعًا عبيد القمع» وهي عبارة أقل ما يقال عنها إنها حمقاء وخطيرة حيث تفترض مسافة بيننا وبين العنصرية والعبودية، كما أنها تساوي بين أشكال التمييز والقمع كأنها متبادلة. فكيف يسمح كاتب لنفسه بمقارنة استعباد الإنسان بتجربة القمع الجمعية. ثم أعاد مدير «بيت الرواية» الكاتب التونسي كمال الرياحي توظيف ذات المنطق عند ذكره «أسواق العبيد في ليبيا وسوريا» في كلمته الافتتاحية.</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
أزعم أن الكتاب السود بالعربية نجحوا في كتابة قصص وشخصيات من واقعهم محققين نجاحًا ملحوظًا في العقدين الماضيين. عند النظر لبرنامج المؤتمر، نجد ندوة بعنوان «الكاتب الأسود، القارئ الأبيض» في إشارة إلى فانون، وهو ما يؤكد مرة أخرى على هوس بلون البشرة والذي يأتي كإلغاء للعرق وبالتالي اعتبار العربي نفسه أبيضًا. من بين المدعوين نجد من كتب روايات بأبطال سود ضمن اتجاه كبير في الأدب العربي المعاصر لاستغلال سرديات «الأقليات» سواء كانوا من العرب السود أو المهاجرين الأفارقة والمهاجرين من جنوب وشرق آسيا والأشوريين واليزيديين، بالإضافة إلى اليهود العرب.</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
لقد وجد الكتاب العرب، في أعقاب حرب العراق وإقحامها الإشكالي لسياسات الهوية في المنطقة، فرصة في الكتابة عن هذه الجماعات المهمشة التي تمنحهم طريقًا للترجمة وتسخير الأدب كمادة أولية لأكاديميي الغرب ومنظمات المجتمع الدولي. يشتكي لي بعض مترجميهم من لغتهم وتمثيلاتهم العنصرية، ليقوموا بالتدخل أحيانًا لتطهير اللغة من هذه الإيحاءات العنصرية عبر فعل الترجمة. بصفتي كاتبة وأكاديمية عربية، فقد افترضت أن المؤتمر سيكون فرصة لمراجعة ومحاسبة هذه السرديات الرجعية والعنصرية التي تتسم بها الروايات المعاصرة، وأذكر من بينها روايات كمال الرياحي «الغوريلا» و«المشرط» (تونس)، وعلي المقري «طعم أسود.. رائحة سوداء» (اليمن)، سميحة خريس «فستق عبيد» (الأردن) ونجوى بن شتوان «زرايب العبيد» (ليبيا).</div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify;">
حتى ذلك الحين، يظل حلم (أفرابيا) بعيد المنال.</div>
</div>
Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6888335356978659982.post-70511338884650226882019-05-18T04:20:00.004-07:002019-05-18T04:20:27.554-07:00Arabic Literature and the African Other<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://madamasr.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/e38ad015e71ab7e1ce466e8965fafdb4-720x380.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="720" height="168" src="https://madamasr.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/e38ad015e71ab7e1ce466e8965fafdb4-720x380.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When I first migrated to the United States, I worked as research assistant to Ali Mazrui, the late Kenyan thinker and scholar. At that point of his life, Mazrui had grown hopeless of pan-African and pan-Arab prospects, instead adopting a broad Islamic identity. But in 1992, Mazrui had a proposal: “The French once examined their special relationship to Africa and came up with the concept EURAFRICA as a basis of special cooperation. We in turn should examine the even older special relationship between Africa and the Arab World and call it AFRABIA.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It was a radically ambitious and urgent proposal. My own research uses modern Arabic literature to look at race and identity in the Arab Gulf, of which the history of Afro-Arabs and eastern slavery are a big part. The project of “Afrabia,” as I interpret, would allow Africans to revisit a long history of the Islamic empire in Africa, its intersecting points with colonial projects subcontracted to Arab and South-Asian masters, as well as a shared history of decolonial struggles and anti-capitalist ambitions. For Arabs, it would mean a much-needed and long-overdue revision of their history, as well as of language and artistic expression that deal with Africa, blackness, and Afro-Arabs in reactionary, racist, and apolitical terms.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Last month in Tunisia, the newly-established La Maison du Roman held its second Annual Arabic Novel Conference. The three-day summit, urged by “the political consciousness of the young masses across the Arab World,” was focused on the theme of أصحاب البشرة السوداء (Black-skin issues). The summit was attended by tens of Arabic novelists and critics. It was strange, to say the least, how the organizers came up with such unusual description instead of say “black issues” or “Afro-Arab issues” but I will not claim that it comes from nowhere.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Arabs, like their western teachers, when discussing anti-black racism and black issues, seem fixated on skin color, ideals of beauty, and visual representations; in a sense they express their own racial anxiety. It is as if anti-black racism has no history, trajectory, or realities beyond the stigma assigned to it, or the rhetoric surrounding it.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When I use the term “Afro-Arab,” it is just my American lingua, not an actual term that Arab thinkers are trying to adopt or even consider. It is the kind of term you find in US academia but not in Arabic letters or political discussions. Even on the e-margins, young East and North Africans have been embracing their Africanness in opposition to Arabness, often citing Arab racism and exclusionary politics as reasons to depart from that historical bond. The current Algerian and Sudanese uprisings have offered some examples.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
From reports on the conference, I noticed how chaotic the discussions were in mixing up race, racism, slavery, Africa, and blackness as interchangeable. The level of language and conversations was embarrassing, to say the least. The Arab writer could not summon some of his imagination, accuracy or sensitivity, when using the odd and problematic label of “black-skin issues.” The panels and press reports talk about “the black man’s pain” as if it’s a literary metaphor, a pain neighboring ours, a mere human rights issue, as if we have no need to critique ourselves, challenge language, dig up history, to think toward solidarity and liberation, like we used to in the good old days.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I noticed how often Arab writers, including those North and East African, seem at ease when othering Africa—the bordered continent is harder for them to grasp than an imaginary “Arab World” made up by the French, and later appropriated by Arab nationalism. Moreover, the wildly inaccurate treatment of black experiences and cultures as one sum; from Zanzibar and Lagos to Havana and Detroit.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I also register, on this occasion, but also within Arabic literature and political thought, that the Arab-Afro encounter seems more connected to the Americas and France, than to Africa itself. The translations, references, and intertextual conversations, even by black Arabs, look toward Aime Césaire, Frantz Fanon, as well as African-American literature, and the civil rights era.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When interviewed on TV while at the conference, the Sudanese-Egyptian writer Tarik al-Tayeb said “we still deal with blacks in stereotypical ways, especially in film, they are always presented and associated with certain jobs,” meaning roles of servitude. It struck me how a black Arab writer chose the we and they in this sentence, or perhaps there is a small we within a bigger we in here. This is noteworthy considering the good number of black writers in attendance, including Salwa Bakr (Egypt), Hammor Ziada and Mansor al-Suwayim (Sudan), Haji Jabir (Eritrea), and Mahmoud Traouri (Saudi Arabia).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Their interventions did not seem centric, their language did not diverge from the overall rhetoric of the conference, and none of them was chosen to be the keynote speaker. Rather, the keynote was delivered by the 70-year-old Elias Khoury of Lebanon. Khoury stated “slavery did not end because we are all slaves to oppression,” a dangerous and foolish statement that assumes distance from anti-black racism and eastern slavery, equating all struggles alike. The director of La Maison du Roman, the Tunisian writer Kamal Riahi, also reproduced the same logic when citing the “slave markets in Libya and Syria” in his welcome note.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I can tell you that Black Arab writers indeed succeed when writing about black experiences or composing black narratives and characters—those mentioned above have done tremendously, especially in the past two decades. From one panel title “Black writer, White reader,” in a nod to Fanon, it was clear how the Arab fixation on black skin functions as an erasure of race, therefore assuming Arab is White. Among the many writers invited to the conference are those who have written novels with black protagonists as part of a massive trend in contemporary Arabic literature to monetize “minor groups,” whether Black-Arabs, African migrants, South and East Asian migrants, women, Assyrians and Yazidis, as well as Arab Jews. Arab writers, in the aftermath of the Iraq war and its apolitical introduction of identity politics into the region, have found an opportunity in writing about these groups which could get them translated and serve as primary literature for western academics and NGOs alike. Their white translators whisper to me “oh my god, this shit is racist” sometimes mediating in the process to clean up the language. As an Arab scholar working within black studies, I had assumed the conference would be a heated opportunity to “call out” these reactionary and racist representations in contemporary works, which include Riahi’s own novels Gorilla and The Scalpel (Tunisia), Ali Muqri’s Black Taste, Black Smell (Yemen), Samiha Khrais’s Pistachio Obaid (Jordan) or Najwa Bin Shitwan’s Slave Pens (Libya). Until then, it seems too early to dream of Afrabia!</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>* Published in <a href="https://africasacountry.com/2019/05/how-do-arabs-talk-and-write-about-black-people">Africa is a Country</a></i></div>
Monahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12580085892646126422noreply@blogger.com0